ojph_block_encoder_avx512.cpp

Go to the documentation of this file.

//***************************************************************************/
// This software is released under the 2-Clause BSD license, included
// below.
//
// Copyright (c) 2019, Aous Naman
// Copyright (c) 2019, Kakadu Software Pty Ltd, Australia
// Copyright (c) 2019, The University of New South Wales, Australia
// Copyright (c) 2023, Intel Corporation
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
//
// 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
// documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS
// IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
// TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
// PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
// TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
// PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
// NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
// SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//***************************************************************************/
// This file is part of the OpenJPH software implementation.
// File: ojph_block_encoder_avx512.cpp
//***************************************************************************/
 
#include "ojph_arch.h"
#if defined(OJPH_ARCH_X86_64)
 
#include <cassert>
#include <cstring>
#include <cstdint>
#include <climits>
#include <immintrin.h>
 
#include "ojph_mem.h"
#include "ojph_block_encoder.h"
#include "ojph_message.h"
 
#ifdef OJPH_COMPILER_MSVC
  #define likely(x)       (x)
  #define unlikely(x)     (x)
#else
  #define likely(x)       __builtin_expect((x), 1)
  #define unlikely(x)     __builtin_expect((x), 0)
#endif
 
namespace ojph {
  namespace local {

    // tables
 
    //VLC encoding
    // index is (c_q << 8) + (rho << 4) + eps
    // data is  (cwd << 8) + (cwd_len << 4) + eps
    // table 0 is for the initial line of quads
    static ui32 vlc_tbl0[2048];
    static ui32 vlc_tbl1[2048];
 
    //UVLC encoding
    static ui32 ulvc_cwd_pre[33];
    static int ulvc_cwd_pre_len[33];
    static ui32 ulvc_cwd_suf[33];
    static int ulvc_cwd_suf_len[33];

    static bool vlc_init_tables()
    {
      struct vlc_src_table { int c_q, rho, u_off, e_k, e_1, cwd, cwd_len; };
      vlc_src_table tbl0[] = {
    #include "table0.h"
      };
      size_t tbl0_size = sizeof(tbl0) / sizeof(vlc_src_table);
 
      si32 pattern_popcnt[16];
      for (ui32 i = 0; i < 16; ++i)
        pattern_popcnt[i] = (si32)population_count(i);
 
      vlc_src_table* src_tbl = tbl0;
      ui32 *tgt_tbl = vlc_tbl0;
      size_t tbl_size = tbl0_size;
      for (int i = 0; i < 2048; ++i)
      {
        int c_q = i >> 8, rho = (i >> 4) & 0xF, emb = i & 0xF;
        if (((emb & rho) != emb) || (rho == 0 && c_q == 0))
          tgt_tbl[i] = 0;
        else
        {
          vlc_src_table *best_entry = NULL;
          if (emb) // u_off = 1
          {
            int best_e_k = -1;
            for (size_t j = 0; j < tbl_size; ++j)
            {
              if (src_tbl[j].c_q == c_q && src_tbl[j].rho == rho)
                if (src_tbl[j].u_off == 1)
                  if ((emb & src_tbl[j].e_k) == src_tbl[j].e_1)
                  {
                    //now we need to find the smallest cwd with the highest
                    // number of bits set in e_k
                    int ones_count = pattern_popcnt[src_tbl[j].e_k];
                    if (ones_count >= best_e_k)
                    {
                      best_entry = src_tbl + j;
                      best_e_k = ones_count;
                    }
                  }
            }
          }
          else // u_off = 0
          {
            for (size_t j = 0; j < tbl_size; ++j)
            {
              if (src_tbl[j].c_q == c_q && src_tbl[j].rho == rho)
                if (src_tbl[j].u_off == 0)
                {
                  best_entry = src_tbl + j;
                  break;
                }
            }
          }
          assert(best_entry);
          tgt_tbl[i] = (ui16)((best_entry->cwd<<8) + (best_entry->cwd_len<<4)
                             + best_entry->e_k);
        }
      }
 
      vlc_src_table tbl1[] = {
    #include "table1.h"
      };
      size_t tbl1_size = sizeof(tbl1) / sizeof(vlc_src_table);
 
      src_tbl = tbl1;
      tgt_tbl = vlc_tbl1;
      tbl_size = tbl1_size;
      for (int i = 0; i < 2048; ++i)
      {
        int c_q = i >> 8, rho = (i >> 4) & 0xF, emb = i & 0xF;
        if (((emb & rho) != emb) || (rho == 0 && c_q == 0))
          tgt_tbl[i] = 0;
        else
        {
          vlc_src_table *best_entry = NULL;
          if (emb) // u_off = 1
          {
            int best_e_k = -1;
            for (size_t j = 0; j < tbl_size; ++j)
            {
              if (src_tbl[j].c_q == c_q && src_tbl[j].rho == rho)
                if (src_tbl[j].u_off == 1)
                  if ((emb & src_tbl[j].e_k) == src_tbl[j].e_1)
                  {
                    //now we need to find the smallest cwd with the highest
                    // number of bits set in e_k
                    int ones_count = pattern_popcnt[src_tbl[j].e_k];
                    if (ones_count >= best_e_k)
                    {
                      best_entry = src_tbl + j;
                      best_e_k = ones_count;
                    }
                  }
            }
          }
          else // u_off = 0
          {
            for (size_t j = 0; j < tbl_size; ++j)
            {
              if (src_tbl[j].c_q == c_q && src_tbl[j].rho == rho)
                if (src_tbl[j].u_off == 0)
                {
                  best_entry = src_tbl + j;
                  break;
                }
            }
          }
          assert(best_entry);
          tgt_tbl[i] = (ui16)((best_entry->cwd<<8) + (best_entry->cwd_len<<4)
                             + best_entry->e_k);
        }
      }
 
 
      return true;
    }

    static bool uvlc_init_tables()
    {
      //code goes from 0 to 31, extension and 32 are not supported here
      ulvc_cwd_pre[0] = 0; ulvc_cwd_pre[1] = 1; ulvc_cwd_pre[2] = 2;
      ulvc_cwd_pre[3] = 4; ulvc_cwd_pre[4] = 4;
      ulvc_cwd_pre_len[0] = 0; ulvc_cwd_pre_len[1] = 1;
      ulvc_cwd_pre_len[2] = 2;
      ulvc_cwd_pre_len[3] = 3; ulvc_cwd_pre_len[4] = 3;
      ulvc_cwd_suf[0] = 0; ulvc_cwd_suf[1] = 0; ulvc_cwd_suf[2] = 0;
      ulvc_cwd_suf[3] = 0; ulvc_cwd_suf[4] = 1;
      ulvc_cwd_suf_len[0] = 0; ulvc_cwd_suf_len[1] = 0;
      ulvc_cwd_suf_len[2] = 0;
      ulvc_cwd_suf_len[3] = 1; ulvc_cwd_suf_len[4] = 1;
      for (int i = 5; i < 33; ++i)
      {
        ulvc_cwd_pre[i] = 0;
        ulvc_cwd_pre_len[i] = 3;
        ulvc_cwd_suf[i] = (ui32)(i-5);
        ulvc_cwd_suf_len[i] = 5;
      }
      return true;
    }

    static bool tables_initialized = false;

    bool initialize_block_encoder_tables_avx512() {
      if (!tables_initialized) {
        memset(vlc_tbl0, 0, 2048 * sizeof(ui32));
        memset(vlc_tbl1, 0, 2048 * sizeof(ui32));
        tables_initialized = vlc_init_tables();
        tables_initialized = tables_initialized && uvlc_init_tables();
      }
      return tables_initialized;
    }

    //
    struct mel_struct {
      //storage
      ui8* buf;      //pointer to data buffer
      ui32 pos;      //position of next writing within buf
      ui32 buf_size; //size of buffer, which we must not exceed
 
      // all these can be replaced by bytes
      int remaining_bits; //number of empty bits in tmp
      int tmp;            //temporary storage of coded bits
      int run;            //number of 0 run
      int k;              //state
      int threshold;      //threshold where one bit must be coded
    };

    static inline void
    mel_init(mel_struct* melp, ui32 buffer_size, ui8* data)
    {
      melp->buf = data;
      melp->pos = 0;
      melp->buf_size = buffer_size;
      melp->remaining_bits = 8;
      melp->tmp = 0;
      melp->run = 0;
      melp->k = 0;
      melp->threshold = 1; // this is 1 << mel_exp[melp->k];
    }

    static inline void
    mel_emit_bit(mel_struct* melp, int v)
    {
      melp->tmp = (melp->tmp << 1) + v;
      melp->remaining_bits--;
      if (melp->remaining_bits == 0) {
        melp->buf[melp->pos++] = (ui8)melp->tmp;
        melp->remaining_bits = (melp->tmp == 0xFF ? 7 : 8);
        melp->tmp = 0;
      }
    }

    static inline void
    mel_encode(mel_struct* melp, bool bit)
    {
      //MEL exponent
      static const int mel_exp[13] = {0,0,0,1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,4,5};
 
      if (bit == false) {
        ++melp->run;
        if (melp->run >= melp->threshold) {
          mel_emit_bit(melp, 1);
          melp->run = 0;
          melp->k = ojph_min(12, melp->k + 1);
          melp->threshold = 1 << mel_exp[melp->k];
        }
      } else {
        mel_emit_bit(melp, 0);
        int t = mel_exp[melp->k];
        while (t > 0) {
          mel_emit_bit(melp, (melp->run >> --t) & 1);
        }
        melp->run = 0;
        melp->k = ojph_max(0, melp->k - 1);
        melp->threshold = 1 << mel_exp[melp->k];
      }
    }

    //
    struct vlc_struct_avx512 {
      //storage
      ui8* buf;      //pointer to data buffer
      ui32 pos;      //position of next writing within buf
      ui32 buf_size; //size of buffer, which we must not exceed
 
      int used_bits; //number of occupied bits in tmp
      ui64 tmp;       //temporary storage of coded bits
      bool last_greater_than_8F; //true if last byte us greater than 0x8F
    };

    static inline void
    vlc_init(vlc_struct_avx512* vlcp, ui32 buffer_size, ui8* data)
    {
      vlcp->buf = data + buffer_size - 1; //points to last byte
      vlcp->pos = 1;                      //locations will be all -pos
      vlcp->buf_size = buffer_size;
 
      vlcp->buf[0] = 0xFF;
      vlcp->used_bits = 4;
      vlcp->tmp = 0xF;
      vlcp->last_greater_than_8F = true;
    }

    static inline void
    vlc_encode(vlc_struct_avx512* vlcp, ui32 cwd, int cwd_len)
    {
      vlcp->tmp |= (ui64)cwd << vlcp->used_bits;
      vlcp->used_bits += cwd_len;
 
      while (vlcp->used_bits >= 8) {
          ui8 tmp;
 
          if (unlikely(vlcp->last_greater_than_8F)) {
              tmp = vlcp->tmp & 0x7F;
 
              if (likely(tmp != 0x7F)) {
                  tmp = vlcp->tmp & 0xFF;
                  *(vlcp->buf - vlcp->pos) = tmp;
                  vlcp->last_greater_than_8F = tmp > 0x8F;
                  vlcp->tmp >>= 8;
                  vlcp->used_bits -= 8;
              } else {
                  *(vlcp->buf - vlcp->pos) = tmp;
                  vlcp->last_greater_than_8F = false;
                  vlcp->tmp >>= 7;
                  vlcp->used_bits -= 7;
              }
 
          } else {
              tmp = vlcp->tmp & 0xFF;
              *(vlcp->buf - vlcp->pos) = tmp;
              vlcp->last_greater_than_8F = tmp > 0x8F;
              vlcp->tmp >>= 8;
              vlcp->used_bits -= 8;
          }
 
          vlcp->pos++;
      }
    }

    //
    static inline void
    terminate_mel_vlc(mel_struct* melp, vlc_struct_avx512* vlcp)
    {
      if (melp->run > 0)
        mel_emit_bit(melp, 1);
 
      if (vlcp->last_greater_than_8F && (vlcp->tmp & 0x7f) == 0x7f) {
        *(vlcp->buf - vlcp->pos) = 0x7f;
        vlcp->pos++;
        vlcp->tmp >>= 7;
        vlcp->used_bits -= 7;
      }
 
      melp->tmp = melp->tmp << melp->remaining_bits;
      int mel_mask = (0xFF << melp->remaining_bits) & 0xFF;
      int vlc_mask = 0xFF >> (8 - vlcp->used_bits);
      if ((mel_mask | vlc_mask) == 0)
        return;  //last mel byte cannot be 0xFF, since then
                 //melp->remaining_bits would be < 8
      if (melp->pos >= melp->buf_size)
        OJPH_ERROR(0x00020003, "mel encoder's buffer is full");
      ui8 vlcp_tmp = (ui8)vlcp->tmp;
      int fuse = melp->tmp | vlcp_tmp;
      if ( ( ((fuse ^ melp->tmp) & mel_mask)
           | ((fuse ^ vlcp_tmp) & vlc_mask) ) == 0
          && (fuse != 0xFF) && vlcp->pos > 1)
      {
        melp->buf[melp->pos++] = (ui8)fuse;
      }
      else
      {
        if (vlcp->pos >= vlcp->buf_size)
          OJPH_ERROR(0x00020004, "vlc encoder's buffer is full");
        melp->buf[melp->pos++] = (ui8)melp->tmp; //melp->tmp cannot be 0xFF
        *(vlcp->buf - vlcp->pos) = (ui8)vlcp_tmp;
        vlcp->pos++;
      }
    }

//
    struct ms_struct {
      //storage
      ui8* buf;      //pointer to data buffer
      ui32 pos;      //position of next writing within buf
      ui32 buf_size; //size of buffer, which we must not exceed
 
      int max_bits;  //maximum number of bits that can be store in tmp
      int used_bits; //number of occupied bits in tmp
      ui32 tmp;      //temporary storage of coded bits
    };

    static inline void
    ms_init(ms_struct* msp, ui32 buffer_size, ui8* data)
    {
      msp->buf = data;
      msp->pos = 0;
      msp->buf_size = buffer_size;
      msp->max_bits = 8;
      msp->used_bits = 0;
      msp->tmp = 0;
    }

    static inline void
    ms_encode(ms_struct* msp, ui64 cwd, int cwd_len)
    {
      while (cwd_len > 0)
      {
        if (msp->pos >= msp->buf_size)
          OJPH_ERROR(0x00020005, "magnitude sign encoder's buffer is full");
        int t = ojph_min(msp->max_bits - msp->used_bits, cwd_len);
        msp->tmp |= ((ui32)(cwd & ((1U << t) - 1))) << msp->used_bits;
        msp->used_bits += t;
        cwd >>= t;
        cwd_len -= t;
        if (msp->used_bits >= msp->max_bits)
        {
          msp->buf[msp->pos++] = (ui8)msp->tmp;
          msp->max_bits = (msp->tmp == 0xFF) ? 7 : 8;
          msp->tmp = 0;
          msp->used_bits = 0;
        }
      }
    }

    static inline void
    ms_terminate(ms_struct* msp)
    {
      if (msp->used_bits)
      {
        int t = msp->max_bits - msp->used_bits; //unused bits
        msp->tmp |= (0xFF & ((1U << t) - 1)) << msp->used_bits;
        msp->used_bits += t;
        if (msp->tmp != 0xFF)
        {
          if (msp->pos >= msp->buf_size)
            OJPH_ERROR(0x00020006, "magnitude sign encoder's buffer is full");
          msp->buf[msp->pos++] = (ui8)msp->tmp;
        }
      }
      else if (msp->max_bits == 7)
        msp->pos--;
    }
 
#define ZERO _mm512_setzero_epi32()
#define ONE  _mm512_set1_epi32(1)
 
#if 0
static void print_epi32(const char *msg, __m512i &val)
{
    uint32_t A[16] = {0};
 
    _mm512_store_epi32(A, val);
 
    printf("%s: ", msg);
    for (int i = 0; i < 16; ++i) {
        printf("%X ", A[i]);
    }
    printf("\n");
}
#endif
 
static void proc_pixel(__m512i *src_vec, ui32 p,
                       __m512i *eq_vec, __m512i *s_vec,
                       __m512i &rho_vec, __m512i &e_qmax_vec)
{
    __m512i val_vec[4];
    __m512i _eq_vec[4];
    __m512i _s_vec[4];
    __m512i _rho_vec[4];
    ui16 val_mask[4];
 
    for (ui32 i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
        /* val = t + t; //multiply by 2 and get rid of sign */
        val_vec[i] = _mm512_add_epi32(src_vec[i], src_vec[i]);
 
        /* val >>= p;  // 2 \mu_p + x */
        val_vec[i] = _mm512_srli_epi32(val_vec[i], p);
 
        /* val &= ~1u; // 2 \mu_p */
        val_vec[i] = _mm512_and_epi32(val_vec[i], _mm512_set1_epi32((int)~1u));
 
        /* if (val) { */
        val_mask[i] = _mm512_cmpneq_epi32_mask(val_vec[i], ZERO);
 
        /*   rho[i] = 1 << i;
         *   rho is processed below.
         */
 
        /*   e_q[i] = 32 - (int)count_leading_ZEROs(--val); //2\mu_p - 1 */
        val_vec[i] = _mm512_mask_sub_epi32(ZERO, val_mask[i], val_vec[i], ONE);
        _eq_vec[i] = _mm512_mask_lzcnt_epi32(ZERO, val_mask[i], val_vec[i]);
        _eq_vec[i] = _mm512_mask_sub_epi32(ZERO, val_mask[i],
                                           _mm512_set1_epi32(32), _eq_vec[i]);
 
        /*   e_qmax[i] = ojph_max(e_qmax[i], e_q[j]);
         *   e_qmax is processed below
         */
 
        /*   s[0] = --val + (t >> 31); //v_n = 2(\mu_p-1) + s_n */
        val_vec[i] = _mm512_mask_sub_epi32(ZERO, val_mask[i], val_vec[i], ONE);
        _s_vec[i] = _mm512_mask_srli_epi32(ZERO, val_mask[i], src_vec[i], 31);
        _s_vec[i] =
          _mm512_mask_add_epi32(ZERO, val_mask[i], _s_vec[i], val_vec[i]);
        /* } */
    }
 
    val_vec[0] = _mm512_mask_mov_epi32(ZERO, val_mask[0], ONE);
    val_vec[1] = _mm512_mask_mov_epi32(ZERO, val_mask[1], ONE);
    val_vec[2] = _mm512_mask_mov_epi32(ZERO, val_mask[2], ONE);
    val_vec[3] = _mm512_mask_mov_epi32(ZERO, val_mask[3], ONE);
    e_qmax_vec = ZERO;
 
    const __m512i idx[2] = {
        _mm512_set_epi32(14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2, 0, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2, 0),
        _mm512_set_epi32(15, 13, 11, 9, 7, 5, 3, 1, 15, 13, 11, 9, 7, 5, 3, 1),
    };
 
    /* Reorder from
     * *_vec[0]:[0, 0], [0, 1], [0, 2], [0, 3], [0, 4], [0, 5]...[0,14], [0,15]
     * *_vec[1]:[1, 0], [1, 1], [1, 2], [1, 3], [1, 4], [1, 5]...[1,14], [1,15]
     * *_vec[2]:[0,16], [0,17], [0,18], [0,19], [0,20], [0,21]...[0,30], [0,31]
     * *_vec[3]:[1,16], [1,17], [1,18], [1,19], [1,20], [1,21]...[1,30], [1,31]
     * to
     * *_vec[0]:[0, 0], [0, 2] ... [0,14], [0,16], [0,18] ... [0,30]
     * *_vec[1]:[1, 0], [1, 2] ... [1,14], [1,16], [1,18] ... [1,30]
     * *_vec[2]:[0, 1], [0, 3] ... [0,15], [0,17], [0,19] ... [0,31]
     * *_vec[3]:[1, 1], [1, 3] ... [1,15], [1,17], [1,19] ... [1,31]
     */
    for (ui32 i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
        ui32 e_idx = i >> 1;
        ui32 o_idx = i & 0x1;
 
        eq_vec[i] = _mm512_permutexvar_epi32(idx[e_idx], _eq_vec[o_idx]);
        eq_vec[i] = _mm512_mask_permutexvar_epi32(eq_vec[i], 0xFF00,
                                                  idx[e_idx],
                                                  _eq_vec[o_idx + 2]);
 
        s_vec[i] = _mm512_permutexvar_epi32(idx[e_idx], _s_vec[o_idx]);
        s_vec[i] = _mm512_mask_permutexvar_epi32(s_vec[i], 0xFF00,
                                                 idx[e_idx],
                                                 _s_vec[o_idx + 2]);
 
        _rho_vec[i] = _mm512_permutexvar_epi32(idx[e_idx], val_vec[o_idx]);
        _rho_vec[i] = _mm512_mask_permutexvar_epi32(_rho_vec[i], 0xFF00,
                                                    idx[e_idx],
                                                    val_vec[o_idx + 2]);
        _rho_vec[i] = _mm512_slli_epi32(_rho_vec[i], i);
 
        e_qmax_vec = _mm512_max_epi32(e_qmax_vec, eq_vec[i]);
    }
 
    rho_vec = _mm512_or_epi32(_rho_vec[0], _rho_vec[1]);
    rho_vec = _mm512_or_epi32(rho_vec, _rho_vec[2]);
    rho_vec = _mm512_or_epi32(rho_vec, _rho_vec[3]);
}
 
/* from [0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, ...]
 *      [0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17, ...]
 *      [0x20, 0x21, 0x22, 0x23, 0x24, 0x25, 0x26, 0x27, ...]
 *      [0x30, 0x31, 0x32, 0x33, 0x34, 0x35, 0x36, 0x37, ...]
 *
 * to   [0x00, 0x10, 0x20, 0x30, 0x01, 0x11, 0x21, 0x31,
 *       0x02, 0x12, 0x22, 0x32, 0x03, 0x13, 0x23, 0x33]
 *
 *      [0x04, 0x14, 0x24, 0x34, 0x05, 0x15, 0x25, 0x35,
 *       0x06, 0x16, 0x26, 0x36, 0x07, 0x17, 0x27, 0x37]
 *
 *      [..]
 */
static void rotate_matrix(__m512i *matrix)
{
    __m512i _matrix[4];
    _matrix[0] = _mm512_unpacklo_epi32(matrix[0], matrix[1]);
    _matrix[1] = _mm512_unpackhi_epi32(matrix[0], matrix[1]);
    _matrix[2] = _mm512_unpacklo_epi32(matrix[2], matrix[3]);
    _matrix[3] = _mm512_unpackhi_epi32(matrix[2], matrix[3]);
 
    matrix[0] = _mm512_unpacklo_epi64(_matrix[0], _matrix[2]);
    matrix[1] = _mm512_unpackhi_epi64(_matrix[0], _matrix[2]);
    matrix[2] = _mm512_unpacklo_epi64(_matrix[1], _matrix[3]);
    matrix[3] = _mm512_unpackhi_epi64(_matrix[1], _matrix[3]);
 
    _matrix[0] = _mm512_shuffle_i32x4(matrix[0], matrix[1], 0x88);
    _matrix[1] = _mm512_shuffle_i32x4(matrix[2], matrix[3], 0x88);
    _matrix[2] = _mm512_shuffle_i32x4(matrix[0], matrix[1], 0xDD);
    _matrix[3] = _mm512_shuffle_i32x4(matrix[2], matrix[3], 0xDD);
 
    matrix[0] = _mm512_shuffle_i32x4(_matrix[0], _matrix[1], 0x88);
    matrix[1] = _mm512_shuffle_i32x4(_matrix[2], _matrix[3], 0x88);
    matrix[2] = _mm512_shuffle_i32x4(_matrix[0], _matrix[1], 0xDD);
    matrix[3] = _mm512_shuffle_i32x4(_matrix[2], _matrix[3], 0xDD);
}
 
static void proc_ms_encode(ms_struct *msp,
                           __m512i &tuple_vec,
                           __m512i &uq_vec,
                           __m512i &rho_vec,
                           __m512i *s_vec)
{
    __m512i m_vec[4];
 
    /* Prepare parameters for ms_encode */
    /* m = (rho[i] & 1) ? Uq[i] - ((tuple[i] & 1) >> 0) : 0; */
    auto tmp = _mm512_and_epi32(tuple_vec, ONE);
    tmp = _mm512_sub_epi32(uq_vec, tmp);
    auto tmp1 = _mm512_and_epi32(rho_vec, ONE);
    auto mask = _mm512_cmpneq_epi32_mask(tmp1, ZERO);
    m_vec[0] = _mm512_mask_mov_epi32(ZERO, mask, tmp);
 
    /* m = (rho[i] & 2) ? Uq[i] - ((tuple[i] & 2) >> 1) : 0; */
    tmp = _mm512_and_epi32(tuple_vec, _mm512_set1_epi32(2));
    tmp = _mm512_srli_epi32(tmp, 1);
    tmp = _mm512_sub_epi32(uq_vec, tmp);
    tmp1 = _mm512_and_epi32(rho_vec, _mm512_set1_epi32(2));
    mask = _mm512_cmpneq_epi32_mask(tmp1, ZERO);
    m_vec[1] = _mm512_mask_mov_epi32(ZERO, mask, tmp);
 
    /* m = (rho[i] & 4) ? Uq[i] - ((tuple[i] & 4) >> 2) : 0; */
    tmp = _mm512_and_epi32(tuple_vec, _mm512_set1_epi32(4));
    tmp = _mm512_srli_epi32(tmp, 2);
    tmp = _mm512_sub_epi32(uq_vec, tmp);
    tmp1 = _mm512_and_epi32(rho_vec, _mm512_set1_epi32(4));
    mask = _mm512_cmpneq_epi32_mask(tmp1, ZERO);
    m_vec[2] = _mm512_mask_mov_epi32(ZERO, mask, tmp);
 
    /* m = (rho[i] & 8) ? Uq[i] - ((tuple[i] & 8) >> 3) : 0; */
    tmp = _mm512_and_epi32(tuple_vec, _mm512_set1_epi32(8));
    tmp = _mm512_srli_epi32(tmp, 3);
    tmp = _mm512_sub_epi32(uq_vec, tmp);
    tmp1 = _mm512_and_epi32(rho_vec, _mm512_set1_epi32(8));
    mask = _mm512_cmpneq_epi32_mask(tmp1, ZERO);
    m_vec[3] = _mm512_mask_mov_epi32(ZERO, mask, tmp);
 
    rotate_matrix(m_vec);
    /* s_vec from
     * s_vec[0]:[0, 0], [0, 2] ... [0,14], [0, 16], [0, 18] ... [0,30]
     * s_vec[1]:[1, 0], [1, 2] ... [1,14], [1, 16], [1, 18] ... [1,30]
     * s_vec[2]:[0, 1], [0, 3] ... [0,15], [0, 17], [0, 19] ... [0,31]
     * s_vec[3]:[1, 1], [1, 3] ... [1,15], [1, 17], [1, 19] ... [1,31]
     * to
     * s_vec[0]:[0, 0], [1, 0], [0, 1], [1, 1], [0, 2], [1, 2]...[0, 7], [1, 7]
     * s_vec[1]:[0, 8], [1, 8], [0, 9], [1, 9], [0,10], [1,10]...[0,15], [1,15]
     * s_vec[2]:[0,16], [1,16], [0,17], [1,17], [0,18], [1,18]...[0,23], [1,23]
     * s_vec[3]:[0,24], [1,24], [0,25], [1,25], [0,26], [1,26]...[0,31], [1,31]
     */
    rotate_matrix(s_vec);
 
    ui32 cwd[16];
    int cwd_len[16];
    ui64 _cwd = 0;
    int _cwd_len = 0;
 
    /* Each iteration process 8 bytes * 2 lines */
    for (ui32 i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
        /* cwd = s[i * 4 + 0] & ((1U << m) - 1)
         * cwd_len = m
         */
        _mm512_storeu_si512(cwd_len, m_vec[i]);
        tmp = _mm512_sllv_epi32(ONE, m_vec[i]);
        tmp = _mm512_sub_epi32(tmp, ONE);
        tmp = _mm512_and_epi32(tmp, s_vec[i]);
        _mm512_storeu_si512(cwd, tmp);
 
        for (ui32 j = 0; j < 8; ++j) {
            ui32 idx = j * 2;
            _cwd     = cwd[idx];
            _cwd_len = cwd_len[idx];
            _cwd     |= ((ui64)cwd[idx + 1]) << _cwd_len;
            _cwd_len += cwd_len[idx + 1];
            ms_encode(msp, _cwd, _cwd_len);
        }
    }
}
 
static __m512i cal_eps_vec(__m512i *eq_vec, __m512i &u_q_vec,
                           __m512i &e_qmax_vec)
{
    /* if (u_q[i] > 0) {
     *     eps[i] |= (e_q[i * 4 + 0] == e_qmax[i]);
     *     eps[i] |= (e_q[i * 4 + 1] == e_qmax[i]) << 1;
     *     eps[i] |= (e_q[i * 4 + 2] == e_qmax[i]) << 2;
     *     eps[i] |= (e_q[i * 4 + 3] == e_qmax[i]) << 3;
     * }
     */
    auto u_q_mask = _mm512_cmpgt_epi32_mask(u_q_vec, ZERO);
 
    auto mask = _mm512_cmpeq_epi32_mask(eq_vec[0], e_qmax_vec);
    auto tmp = _mm512_mask_mov_epi32(ZERO, mask, ONE);
    auto eps_vec = _mm512_mask_mov_epi32(ZERO, u_q_mask, tmp);
 
    mask = _mm512_cmpeq_epi32_mask(eq_vec[1], e_qmax_vec);
    tmp = _mm512_mask_mov_epi32(ZERO, mask, ONE);
    tmp = _mm512_slli_epi32(tmp, 1);
    eps_vec = _mm512_mask_or_epi32(ZERO, u_q_mask, eps_vec, tmp);
 
    mask = _mm512_cmpeq_epi32_mask(eq_vec[2], e_qmax_vec);
    tmp = _mm512_mask_mov_epi32(ZERO, mask, ONE);
    tmp = _mm512_slli_epi32(tmp, 2);
    eps_vec = _mm512_mask_or_epi32(ZERO, u_q_mask, eps_vec, tmp);
 
    mask = _mm512_cmpeq_epi32_mask(eq_vec[3], e_qmax_vec);
    tmp = _mm512_mask_mov_epi32(ZERO, mask, ONE);
    tmp = _mm512_slli_epi32(tmp, 3);
 
    return  _mm512_mask_or_epi32(ZERO, u_q_mask, eps_vec, tmp);
}
 
static void update_lep(ui32 x, __m512i &prev_e_val_vec,
                       __m512i *eq_vec, __m512i *e_val_vec,
                       const __m512i left_shift)
{
    /* lep[0] = ojph_max(lep[0], (ui8)e_q[1]); lep++;
     * lep[0] = (ui8)e_q[3];
     * Compare e_q[1] with e_q[3] of the prevous round.
     */
    auto tmp = _mm512_mask_permutexvar_epi32(prev_e_val_vec, 0xFFFE,
                                             left_shift, eq_vec[3]);
    prev_e_val_vec = _mm512_mask_permutexvar_epi32(ZERO, 0x1, left_shift,
                                                   eq_vec[3]);
    e_val_vec[x] = _mm512_max_epi32(eq_vec[1], tmp);
}
 
 
static void update_lcxp(ui32 x, __m512i &prev_cx_val_vec,
                        __m512i &rho_vec, __m512i *cx_val_vec,
                        const __m512i left_shift)
{
    /* lcxp[0] = (ui8)(lcxp[0] | (ui8)((rho[0] & 2) >> 1)); lcxp++;
     * lcxp[0] = (ui8)((rho[0] & 8) >> 3);
     * Or (rho[0] & 2) and (rho[0] of the previous round & 8).
     */
    auto tmp = _mm512_mask_permutexvar_epi32(prev_cx_val_vec, 0xFFFE,
                                             left_shift, rho_vec);
    prev_cx_val_vec = _mm512_mask_permutexvar_epi32(ZERO, 0x1, left_shift,
                                                    rho_vec);
 
    tmp = _mm512_and_epi32(tmp, _mm512_set1_epi32(8));
    tmp = _mm512_srli_epi32(tmp, 3);
 
    auto tmp1 = _mm512_and_epi32(rho_vec, _mm512_set1_epi32(2));
    tmp1 = _mm512_srli_epi32(tmp1, 1);
    cx_val_vec[x] = _mm512_or_epi32(tmp, tmp1);
}
 
static __m512i cal_tuple(__m512i &cq_vec, __m512i &rho_vec,
                         __m512i &eps_vec, ui32 *vlc_tbl)
{
    /* tuple[i] = vlc_tbl1[(c_q[i] << 8) + (rho[i] << 4) + eps[i]]; */
    auto tmp = _mm512_slli_epi32(cq_vec, 8);
    auto tmp1 = _mm512_slli_epi32(rho_vec, 4);
    tmp = _mm512_add_epi32(tmp, tmp1);
    tmp = _mm512_add_epi32(tmp, eps_vec);
    return _mm512_i32gather_epi32(tmp, vlc_tbl, 4);
}
 
static __m512i proc_cq1(ui32 x, __m512i *cx_val_vec, __m512i &rho_vec,
                        const __m512i right_shift)
{
    ojph_unused(x);
    ojph_unused(cx_val_vec);
    ojph_unused(right_shift);
 
    /* c_q[i + 1] = (rho[i] >> 1) | (rho[i] & 1); */
    auto tmp = _mm512_srli_epi32(rho_vec, 1);
    auto tmp1 = _mm512_and_epi32(rho_vec, _mm512_set1_epi32(1));
    return _mm512_or_epi32(tmp, tmp1);
}
 
static __m512i proc_cq2(ui32 x, __m512i *cx_val_vec, __m512i &rho_vec,
                        const __m512i right_shift)
{
    // c_q[i + 1] = (lcxp[i + 1] + (lcxp[i + 2] << 2))
    //            | (((rho[i] & 4) >> 1) | ((rho[i] & 8) >> 2));
    auto lcxp1_vec = _mm512_permutexvar_epi32(right_shift, cx_val_vec[x]);
    auto lcxp2_vec = _mm512_permutexvar_epi32(right_shift, cx_val_vec[x + 1]);
    auto tmp = _mm512_permutexvar_epi32(right_shift, lcxp1_vec);
    tmp = _mm512_mask_permutexvar_epi32(tmp, 0xC000, right_shift, lcxp2_vec);
    tmp = _mm512_slli_epi32(tmp, 2);
    auto tmp1 = _mm512_mask_mov_epi32(lcxp1_vec, 0x8000, lcxp2_vec);
    tmp = _mm512_add_epi32(tmp1, tmp);
 
    tmp1 = _mm512_and_epi32(rho_vec, _mm512_set1_epi32(4));
    tmp1 = _mm512_srli_epi32(tmp1, 1);
    tmp = _mm512_or_epi32(tmp, tmp1);
 
    tmp1 = _mm512_and_epi32(rho_vec, _mm512_set1_epi32(8));
    tmp1 = _mm512_srli_epi32(tmp1, 2);
 
    return _mm512_or_epi32(tmp, tmp1);
}
 
using fn_proc_cq = __m512i (*)(ui32, __m512i *, __m512i &, const __m512i);
 
static void proc_mel_encode1(mel_struct *melp, __m512i &cq_vec,
                             __m512i &rho_vec, __m512i u_q_vec, ui32 ignore,
                             const __m512i right_shift)
{
    /* Prepare mel_encode params */
    /* if (c_q[i] == 0) { */
    auto mel_need_encode = _mm512_cmpeq_epi32_mask(cq_vec, ZERO);
    /*   mel_encode(&mel, rho[i] != 0); */
    auto mel_bit = _mm512_cmpneq_epi32_mask(rho_vec, ZERO);
    /* } */
 
    /*   mel_encode(&mel, ojph_min(u_q[i], u_q[i + 1]) > 2); */
    auto tmp = _mm512_permutexvar_epi32(right_shift, u_q_vec);
    auto tmp1 = _mm512_min_epi32(u_q_vec, tmp);
    auto mel_bit2 = (ui16)_mm512_cmpgt_epi32_mask(tmp1, _mm512_set1_epi32(2));
 
    /* if (u_q[i] > 0 && u_q[i + 1] > 0) { } */
    auto mel_need_encode2 = (ui16)_mm512_cmpgt_epi32_mask(u_q_vec, ZERO);
    mel_need_encode2 =
      mel_need_encode2 & (ui16)_mm512_cmpgt_epi32_mask(tmp, ZERO);
 
    ui32 i_max = 16 - (ignore / 2);
 
    for (ui32 i = 0; i < i_max; i += 2) {
        auto mask = 1 << i;
        if (0 != (mel_need_encode & mask)) {
            mel_encode(melp, mel_bit & mask);
        }
 
        if (i + 1 < i_max) {
            auto mask = 1 << (i + 1);
            if (0 != (mel_need_encode & mask)) {
                mel_encode(melp, mel_bit & mask);
            }
        }
 
        if (0 != (mel_need_encode2 & mask)) {
            mel_encode(melp, mel_bit2 & mask);
        }
    }
}
 
static void proc_mel_encode2(mel_struct *melp, __m512i &cq_vec,
                             __m512i &rho_vec, __m512i u_q_vec, ui32 ignore,
                             const __m512i right_shift)
{
    ojph_unused(u_q_vec);
    ojph_unused(right_shift);
 
    /* Prepare mel_encode params */
    /* if (c_q[i] == 0) { */
    auto mel_need_encode = _mm512_cmpeq_epi32_mask(cq_vec, ZERO);
    /*   mel_encode(&mel, rho[i] != 0); */
    auto mel_bit = _mm512_cmpneq_epi32_mask(rho_vec, ZERO);
    /* } */
 
    ui32 i_max = 16 - (ignore / 2);
 
    for (ui32 i = 0; i < i_max; ++i) {
        auto mask = 1 << i;
        if (0 != (mel_need_encode & mask)) {
            mel_encode(melp, mel_bit & mask);
        }
    }
}
 
using fn_proc_mel_encode = void (*)(mel_struct *, __m512i &, __m512i &,
                                    __m512i, ui32, const __m512i);
 
static void proc_vlc_encode1(vlc_struct_avx512 *vlcp, ui32 *tuple,
                             ui32 *u_q, ui32 ignore)
{
    ui32 i_max = 16 - (ignore / 2);
 
    for (ui32 i = 0; i < i_max; i += 2) {
        /* 7 bits */
        ui32 val = tuple[i + 0] >> 4;
        int size = tuple[i + 0] & 7;
 
        if (i + 1 < i_max) {
            /* 7 bits */
            val |= (tuple[i + 1] >> 4) << size;
            size += tuple[i + 1] & 7;
        }
 
        if (u_q[i] > 2 && u_q[i + 1] > 2) {
            /* 3 bits */
            val |= (ulvc_cwd_pre[u_q[i] - 2]) << size;
            size += ulvc_cwd_pre_len[u_q[i] - 2];
 
            /* 3 bits */
            val |= (ulvc_cwd_pre[u_q[i + 1] - 2]) << size;
            size += ulvc_cwd_pre_len[u_q[i + 1] - 2];
 
            /* 5 bits */
            val |= (ulvc_cwd_suf[u_q[i] - 2]) << size;
            size += ulvc_cwd_suf_len[u_q[i] - 2];
 
            /* 5 bits */
            val |= (ulvc_cwd_suf[u_q[i + 1] - 2]) << size;
            size += ulvc_cwd_suf_len[u_q[i + 1] - 2];
 
        } else if (u_q[i] > 2 && u_q[i + 1] > 0) {
            /* 3 bits */
            val |= (ulvc_cwd_pre[u_q[i]]) << size;
            size += ulvc_cwd_pre_len[u_q[i]];
 
            /* 1 bit */
            val |= (u_q[i + 1] - 1) << size;
            size += 1;
 
            /* 5 bits */
            val |= (ulvc_cwd_suf[u_q[i]]) << size;
            size += ulvc_cwd_suf_len[u_q[i]];
 
        } else {
            /* 3 bits */
            val |= (ulvc_cwd_pre[u_q[i]]) << size;
            size += ulvc_cwd_pre_len[u_q[i]];
 
            /* 3 bits */
            val |= (ulvc_cwd_pre[u_q[i + 1]]) << size;
            size += ulvc_cwd_pre_len[u_q[i + 1]];
 
            /* 5 bits */
            val |= (ulvc_cwd_suf[u_q[i]]) << size;
            size += ulvc_cwd_suf_len[u_q[i]];
 
            /* 5 bits */
            val |= (ulvc_cwd_suf[u_q[i + 1]]) << size;
            size += ulvc_cwd_suf_len[u_q[i + 1]];
        }
 
        vlc_encode(vlcp, val, size);
    }
}
 
static void proc_vlc_encode2(vlc_struct_avx512 *vlcp, ui32 *tuple,
                             ui32 *u_q, ui32 ignore)
{
    ui32 i_max = 16 - (ignore / 2);
 
    for (ui32 i = 0; i < i_max; i += 2) {
        /* 7 bits */
        ui32 val = tuple[i + 0] >> 4;
        int size = tuple[i + 0] & 7;
 
        if (i + 1 < i_max) {
            /* 7 bits */
            val |= (tuple[i + 1] >> 4) << size;
            size += tuple[i + 1] & 7;
        }
 
        /* 3 bits */
        val |= ulvc_cwd_pre[u_q[i]] << size;
        size += ulvc_cwd_pre_len[u_q[i]];
 
        /* 3 bits */
        val |= (ulvc_cwd_pre[u_q[i + 1]]) << size;
        size += ulvc_cwd_pre_len[u_q[i + 1]];
 
        /* 5 bits */
        val |= (ulvc_cwd_suf[u_q[i + 0]]) << size;
        size += ulvc_cwd_suf_len[u_q[i + 0]];
 
        /* 5 bits */
        val |= (ulvc_cwd_suf[u_q[i + 1]]) << size;
        size += ulvc_cwd_suf_len[u_q[i + 1]];
 
        vlc_encode(vlcp, val, size);
    }
}
 
using fn_proc_vlc_encode = void (*)(vlc_struct_avx512 *, ui32 *, ui32 *, ui32);
 
void ojph_encode_codeblock_avx512(ui32* buf, ui32 missing_msbs,
                                  ui32 num_passes, ui32 _width, ui32 height,
                                  ui32 stride, ui32* lengths,
                                  ojph::mem_elastic_allocator *elastic,
                                  ojph::coded_lists *& coded)
{
    ojph_unused(num_passes);                      //currently not used
 
    ui32 width = (_width + 31) & ~31u;
    ui32 ignore = width - _width;
    const int ms_size = (16384 * 16 + 14) / 15; //more than enough
    const int mel_vlc_size = 3072;              //more than enough
    const int mel_size = 192;
    const int vlc_size = mel_vlc_size - mel_size;
 
    ui8 ms_buf[ms_size];
    ui8 mel_vlc_buf[mel_vlc_size];
    ui8 *mel_buf = mel_vlc_buf;
    ui8 *vlc_buf = mel_vlc_buf + mel_size;
 
    mel_struct mel;
    mel_init(&mel, mel_size, mel_buf);
    vlc_struct_avx512 vlc;
    vlc_init(&vlc, vlc_size, vlc_buf);
    ms_struct ms;
    ms_init(&ms, ms_size, ms_buf);
 
    ui32 p = 30 - missing_msbs;
 
    //e_val: E values for a line (these are the highest set bit)
    //cx_val: is the context values
    //Each byte stores the info for the 2 sample. For E, it is maximum
    // of the two samples, while for cx, it is the OR of these two samples.
    //The maximum is between the pixel at the bottom left of one quad
    // and the bottom right of the earlier quad. The same is true for cx.
    //For a 1024 pixels, we need 512 bytes, the 2 extra,
    // one for the non-existing earlier quad, and one for beyond the
    // the end
    const __m512i right_shift = _mm512_set_epi32(
      0, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
    );
 
    const __m512i left_shift = _mm512_set_epi32(
      14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 15
    );
 
    __m512i e_val_vec[33];
    for (ui32 i = 0; i < 32; ++i) {
        e_val_vec[i] = ZERO;
    }
    __m512i prev_e_val_vec = ZERO;
 
    __m512i cx_val_vec[33];
    __m512i prev_cx_val_vec = ZERO;
 
    __m512i prev_cq_vec = ZERO;
 
    __m512i tmp;
    __m512i tmp1;
 
    __m512i eq_vec[4];
    __m512i s_vec[4];
    __m512i src_vec[4];
    __m512i rho_vec;
    __m512i e_qmax_vec;
    __m512i kappa_vec;
 
    ui32 n_loop = (width + 31) / 32;
 
    ui32 *vlc_tbl = vlc_tbl0;
    fn_proc_cq proc_cq = proc_cq1;
    fn_proc_mel_encode proc_mel_encode = proc_mel_encode1;
    fn_proc_vlc_encode proc_vlc_encode = proc_vlc_encode1;
 
    /* 2 lines per iteration */
    for (ui32 y = 0; y < height; y += 2)
    {
        e_val_vec[n_loop] = prev_e_val_vec;
        /* lcxp[0] = (ui8)((rho[0] & 8) >> 3); */
        tmp = _mm512_and_epi32(prev_cx_val_vec, _mm512_set1_epi32(8));
        tmp = _mm512_srli_epi32(tmp, 3);
        cx_val_vec[n_loop] = tmp;
 
        prev_e_val_vec = ZERO;
        prev_cx_val_vec = ZERO;
 
        ui32 *sp = buf + y * stride;
 
        /* 32 bytes per iteration */
        for (ui32 x = 0; x < n_loop; ++x) {
 
            // mask to stop loading unnecessary data
            si32 true_x = (si32)x << 5;
            ui32 mask32 = 0xFFFFFFFFu;
            si32 entries = true_x + 32 - (si32)_width;
            mask32 >>= ((entries >= 0) ? entries : 0);
            __mmask16 load_mask0 = _cvtu32_mask16(mask32);
            __mmask16 load_mask1 = _cvtu32_mask16(mask32 >> 16);
 
            /* t = sp[i]; */
            src_vec[0] = _mm512_maskz_loadu_epi32(load_mask0, sp);
            src_vec[2] = _mm512_maskz_loadu_epi32(load_mask1, sp + 16);
 
            if (y + 1 < height) {
                src_vec[1] = _mm512_maskz_loadu_epi32(load_mask0, sp + stride);
                src_vec[3] =
                  _mm512_maskz_loadu_epi32(load_mask1, sp + 16 + stride);
            } else {
                src_vec[1] = ZERO;
                src_vec[3] = ZERO;
            }
            sp += 32;
 
            /* src_vec layout:
             * src_vec[0]:[0, 0],[0, 1],[0, 2],[0, 3],[0, 4],[0, 5]...[0,15]
             * src_vec[1]:[1, 0],[1, 1],[1, 2],[1, 3],[1, 4],[1, 5]...[1,15]
             * src_vec[2]:[0,16],[0,17],[0,18],[0,19],[0,20],[0,21]...[0,31]
             * src_vec[3]:[1,16],[1,17],[1,18],[1,19],[1,20],[1,21]...[1,31]
             */
            proc_pixel(src_vec, p, eq_vec, s_vec, rho_vec, e_qmax_vec);
 
            // max_e[(i + 1) % num] = ojph_max(lep[i + 1], lep[i + 2]) - 1;
            tmp = _mm512_permutexvar_epi32(right_shift, e_val_vec[x]);
            tmp = _mm512_mask_permutexvar_epi32(tmp, 0x8000, right_shift,
                                                e_val_vec[x + 1]);
            auto mask = _mm512_cmpgt_epi32_mask(e_val_vec[x], tmp);
            auto max_e_vec = _mm512_mask_mov_epi32(tmp, mask, e_val_vec[x]);
            max_e_vec = _mm512_sub_epi32(max_e_vec, ONE);
 
            // kappa[i] = (rho[i] & (rho[i] - 1)) ? ojph_max(1, max_e[i]) : 1;
            tmp = _mm512_max_epi32(max_e_vec, ONE);
            tmp1 = _mm512_sub_epi32(rho_vec, ONE);
            tmp1 = _mm512_and_epi32(rho_vec, tmp1);
            mask = _mm512_cmpneq_epi32_mask(tmp1, ZERO);
            kappa_vec = _mm512_mask_mov_epi32(ONE, mask, tmp);
 
            /* cq[1 - 16] = cq_vec
             * cq[0] = prev_cq_vec[0]
             */
            tmp = proc_cq(x, cx_val_vec, rho_vec, right_shift);
            auto cq_vec = _mm512_mask_permutexvar_epi32(prev_cq_vec, 0xFFFE,
                                                        left_shift, tmp);
            prev_cq_vec = _mm512_mask_permutexvar_epi32(ZERO, 0x1, left_shift,
                                                        tmp);
 
            update_lep(x, prev_e_val_vec, eq_vec, e_val_vec, left_shift);
            update_lcxp(x, prev_cx_val_vec, rho_vec, cx_val_vec, left_shift);
 
            /* Uq[i] = ojph_max(e_qmax[i], kappa[i]); */
            /* u_q[i] = Uq[i] - kappa[i]; */
            auto uq_vec = _mm512_max_epi32(kappa_vec, e_qmax_vec);
            auto u_q_vec = _mm512_sub_epi32(uq_vec, kappa_vec);
 
            auto eps_vec = cal_eps_vec(eq_vec, u_q_vec, e_qmax_vec);
            __m512i tuple_vec = cal_tuple(cq_vec, rho_vec, eps_vec, vlc_tbl);
            ui32 _ignore = ((n_loop - 1) == x) ? ignore : 0;
 
            proc_mel_encode(&mel, cq_vec, rho_vec, u_q_vec, _ignore,
                            right_shift);
 
            proc_ms_encode(&ms, tuple_vec, uq_vec, rho_vec, s_vec);
 
            // vlc_encode(&vlc, tuple[i*2+0] >> 8, (tuple[i*2+0] >> 4) & 7);
            // vlc_encode(&vlc, tuple[i*2+1] >> 8, (tuple[i*2+1] >> 4) & 7);
            ui32 u_q[16];
            ui32 tuple[16];
            /* The tuple is scaled by 4 due to:
             * vlc_encode(&vlc, tuple0 >> 8, (tuple0 >> 4) & 7, true);
             * So in the vlc_encode, the tuple will only be scaled by 2.
             */
            tuple_vec = _mm512_srli_epi32(tuple_vec, 4);
            _mm512_storeu_si512(tuple, tuple_vec);
            _mm512_storeu_si512(u_q, u_q_vec);
            proc_vlc_encode(&vlc, tuple, u_q, _ignore);
        }
 
        tmp = _mm512_permutexvar_epi32(right_shift, cx_val_vec[0]);
        tmp = _mm512_slli_epi32(tmp, 2);
        prev_cq_vec = _mm512_maskz_add_epi32(0x1, tmp, cx_val_vec[0]);
 
        proc_cq = proc_cq2;
        vlc_tbl = vlc_tbl1;
        proc_mel_encode = proc_mel_encode2;
        proc_vlc_encode = proc_vlc_encode2;
    }
 
    ms_terminate(&ms);
    terminate_mel_vlc(&mel, &vlc);
 
    //copy to elastic
    lengths[0] = mel.pos + vlc.pos + ms.pos;
    elastic->get_buffer(mel.pos + vlc.pos + ms.pos, coded);
    memcpy(coded->buf, ms.buf, ms.pos);
    memcpy(coded->buf + ms.pos, mel.buf, mel.pos);
    memcpy(coded->buf + ms.pos + mel.pos, vlc.buf - vlc.pos + 1, vlc.pos);
 
    // put in the interface locator word
    ui32 num_bytes = mel.pos + vlc.pos;
    coded->buf[lengths[0]-1] = (ui8)(num_bytes >> 4);
    coded->buf[lengths[0]-2] = coded->buf[lengths[0]-2] & 0xF0;
    coded->buf[lengths[0]-2] =
        (ui8)(coded->buf[lengths[0]-2] | (num_bytes & 0xF));
 
    coded->avail_size -= lengths[0];
}
 
} /* namespace local */
} /* namespace ojph */
 
#endif