Deprecated features

In general features are intended to be supported indefinitely once introduced into QEMU. In the event that a feature needs to be removed, it will be listed in this section. The feature will remain functional for the release in which it was deprecated and one further release. After these two releases, the feature is liable to be removed. Deprecated features may also generate warnings on the console when QEMU starts up, or if activated via a monitor command, however, this is not a mandatory requirement.

As a special exception to this general timeframe, rather than have an indefinite lifetime, versioned machine types are only intended to be supported for a period of 6 years, equivalent to 18 QEMU releases. All versioned machine types will be automatically marked deprecated after an initial 3 years (9 QEMU releases) has passed, and will then be deleted after a further 3 year period has passed. It is recommended that a deprecated machine type is only used for incoming migrations and restore of saved state, for pre-existing VM deployments. They should be scheduled for updating to a newer machine type during an appropriate service window. Newly deployed VMs should exclusively use a non-deprecated machine type, with use of the most recent version highly recommended. Non-versioned machine types follow the general feature deprecation policy.

Prior to the 2.10.0 release there was no official policy on how long features would be deprecated prior to their removal, nor any documented list of which features were deprecated. Thus any features deprecated prior to 2.10.0 will be treated as if they were first deprecated in the 2.10.0 release.

What follows is a list of all features currently marked as deprecated.

System emulator command line arguments

Short-form boolean options (since 6.0)

Boolean options such as share=on/share=off could be written in short form as share and noshare. This is now deprecated and will cause a warning.

delay option for socket character devices (since 6.0)

The replacement for the nodelay short-form boolean option is nodelay=on rather than delay=off.

Plugin argument passing through arg=<string> (since 6.1)

Passing TCG plugins arguments through arg= is redundant is makes the command-line less readable, especially when the argument itself consist of a name and a value, e.g. -plugin plugin_name,arg="arg_name=arg_value". Therefore, the usage of arg is redundant. Single-word arguments are treated as short-form boolean values, and passed to plugins as arg_name=on. However, short-form booleans are deprecated and full explicit arg_name=on form is preferred.

-smp (Unsupported “parameter=1” SMP configurations) (since 9.0)

Specified CPU topology parameters must be supported by the machine.

In the SMP configuration, users should provide the CPU topology parameters that are supported by the target machine.

However, historically it was allowed for users to specify the unsupported topology parameter as “1”, which is meaningless. So support for this kind of configurations (e.g. -smp drawers=1,books=1,clusters=1 for x86 PC machine) is marked deprecated since 9.0, users have to ensure that all the topology members described with -smp are supported by the target machine.

-runas (since 9.1)

Use -run-with user=.. instead.

User-mode emulator command line arguments

-p (since 9.0)

The -p option pretends to control the host page size. However, it is not possible to change the host page size, and using the option only causes failures.

QEMU Machine Protocol (QMP) commands

blockdev-open-tray, blockdev-close-tray argument device (since 2.8)

Use argument id instead.

eject argument device (since 2.8)

Use argument id instead.

blockdev-change-medium argument device (since 2.8)

Use argument id instead.

block_set_io_throttle argument device (since 2.8)

Use argument id instead.

blockdev-add empty string argument backing (since 2.10)

Use argument value null instead.

block-commit arguments base and top (since 3.1)

Use arguments base-node and top-node instead.

nbd-server-add and nbd-server-remove (since 5.2)

Use the more generic commands block-export-add and block-export-del instead. As part of this deprecation, where nbd-server-add used a single bitmap, the new block-export-add uses a list of bitmaps.

query-qmp-schema return value member values (since 6.2)

Member values in return value elements with meta-type enum is deprecated. Use members instead.

drive-backup (since 6.2)

Use blockdev-backup in combination with blockdev-add instead. This change primarily separates the creation/opening process of the backup target with explicit, separate steps. blockdev-backup uses mostly the same arguments as drive-backup, except the format and mode options are removed in favor of using explicit blockdev-create and blockdev-add calls. See Live Block Device Operations for details.

Incorrectly typed device_add arguments (since 6.2)

Due to shortcomings in the internal implementation of device_add, QEMU incorrectly accepts certain invalid arguments: Any object or list arguments are silently ignored. Other argument types are not checked, but an implicit conversion happens, so that e.g. string values can be assigned to integer device properties or vice versa.

This is a bug in QEMU that will be fixed in the future so that previously accepted incorrect commands will return an error. Users should make sure that all arguments passed to device_add are consistent with the documented property types.

Host Architectures

BE MIPS (since 7.2)

As Debian 10 (“Buster”) moved into LTS the big endian 32 bit version of MIPS moved out of support making it hard to maintain our cross-compilation CI tests of the architecture. As we no longer have CI coverage support may bitrot away before the deprecation process completes. The little endian variants of MIPS (both 32 and 64 bit) are still a supported host architecture.

System emulation on 32-bit x86 hosts (since 8.0)

Support for 32-bit x86 host deployments is increasingly uncommon in mainstream OS distributions given the widespread availability of 64-bit x86 hardware. The QEMU project no longer considers 32-bit x86 support for system emulation to be an effective use of its limited resources, and thus intends to discontinue it. Since all recent x86 hardware from the past >10 years is capable of the 64-bit x86 extensions, a corresponding 64-bit OS should be used instead.

System emulator CPUs

power5+ and power7+ CPU names (since 9.0)

The character “+” in device (and thus also CPU) names is not allowed in the QEMU object model anymore. power5+, power5+_v2.1, power7+ and power7+_v2.1 are currently still supported via an alias, but for consistency these will get removed in a future release, too. Use power5p_v2.1 and power7p_v2.1 instead.

Sun-UltraSparc-IIIi+ and Sun-UltraSparc-IV+ CPU names (since 9.1)

The character “+” in device (and thus also CPU) names is not allowed in the QEMU object model anymore. Sun-UltraSparc-IIIi+ and Sun-UltraSparc-IV+ are currently still supported via a workaround, but for consistency these will get removed in a future release, too. Use Sun-UltraSparc-IIIi-plus and Sun-UltraSparc-IV-plus instead.

CRIS CPU architecture (since 9.0)

The CRIS architecture was pulled from Linux in 4.17 and the compiler is no longer packaged in any distro making it harder to run the check-tcg tests. Unless we can improve the testing situation there is a chance the code will bitrot without anyone noticing.

System emulator machines

Arm virt machine dtb-kaslr-seed property (since 7.1)

The dtb-kaslr-seed property on the virt board has been deprecated; use the new name dtb-randomness instead. The new name better reflects the way this property affects all random data within the device tree blob, not just the kaslr-seed node.

pc-i440fx-2.4 up to pc-i440fx-2.12 (since 9.1)

These old machine types are quite neglected nowadays and thus might have various pitfalls with regards to live migration. Use a newer machine type instead.

shix (since 9.0)

The machine is no longer in existence and has been long unmaintained in QEMU. This also holds for the TC51828 16MiB flash that it uses.

pseries-2.1 up to pseries-2.12 (since 9.0)

Older pseries machines before version 3.0 have undergone many changes to correct issues, mostly regarding migration compatibility. These are no longer maintained and removing them will make the code easier to read and maintain. Use versions 3.0 and above as a replacement.

Arm machines akita, borzoi, cheetah, connex, mainstone, n800, n810, spitz, terrier, tosa, verdex, z2 (since 9.0)

QEMU includes models of some machine types where the QEMU code that emulates their SoCs is very old and unmaintained. This code is now blocking our ability to move forward with various changes across the codebase, and over many years nobody has been interested in trying to modernise it. We don’t expect any of these machines to have a large number of users, because they’re all modelling hardware that has now passed away into history. We are therefore dropping support for all machine types using the PXA2xx and OMAP2 SoCs. We are also dropping the cheetah OMAP1 board, because we don’t have any test images for it and don’t know of anybody who does; the sx1 and sx1-v1 OMAP1 machines remain supported for now.

PPC 405 ref405ep machine (since 9.1)

The ref405ep machine and PPC 405 CPU have no known users, firmware images are not available, OpenWRT dropped support in 2019, U-Boot in 2017, Linux also is dropping support in 2024. It is time to let go of this ancient hardware and focus on newer CPUs and platforms.

Arm tacoma-bmc machine (since 9.1)

The tacoma-bmc machine was a board including an AST2600 SoC based BMC and a witherspoon like OpenPOWER system. It was used for bring up of the AST2600 SoC in labs. It can be easily replaced by the rainier-bmc machine which is a real product.

Backend options

Using non-persistent backing file with pmem=on (since 6.1)

This option is used when memory-backend-file is consumed by emulated NVDIMM device. However enabling memory-backend-file.pmem option, when backing file is (a) not DAX capable or (b) not on a filesystem that support direct mapping of persistent memory, is not safe and may lead to data loss or corruption in case of host crash. Options are:

• modify VM configuration to set pmem=off to continue using fake NVDIMM (without persistence guaranties) with backing file on non DAX storage

• move backing file to NVDIMM storage and keep pmem=on (to have NVDIMM with persistence guaranties).

Device options

Emulated device options

-device nvme-ns,eui64-default=on|off (since 7.1)

In QEMU versions 6.1, 6.2 and 7.0, the nvme-ns generates an EUI-64 identifier that is not globally unique. If an EUI-64 identifier is required, the user must set it explicitly using the nvme-ns device parameter eui64.

-device nvme,use-intel-id=on|off (since 7.1)

The nvme device originally used a PCI Vendor/Device Identifier combination from Intel that was not properly allocated. Since version 5.2, the controller has used a properly allocated identifier. Deprecate the use-intel-id machine compatibility parameter.

-device cxl-type3,memdev=xxxx (since 8.0)

The cxl-type3 device initially only used a single memory backend. With the addition of volatile memory support, it is now necessary to distinguish between persistent and volatile memory backends. As such, memdev is deprecated in favor of persistent-memdev.

-fsdev proxy and -virtfs proxy (since 8.1)

The 9p proxy filesystem backend driver has been deprecated and will be removed (along with its proxy helper daemon) in a future version of QEMU. Please use -fsdev local or -virtfs local for using the 9p local filesystem backend, or alternatively consider deploying virtiofsd instead.

The 9p proxy backend was originally developed as an alternative to the 9p local backend. The idea was to enhance security by dispatching actual low level filesystem operations from 9p server (QEMU process) over to a separate process (the virtfs-proxy-helper binary). However this alternative never gained momentum. The proxy backend is much slower than the local backend, hasn’t seen any development in years, and showed to be less secure, especially due to the fact that its helper daemon must be run as root, whereas with the local backend QEMU is typically run as unprivileged user and allows to tighten behaviour by mapping permissions et al by using its ‘mapped’ security model option.

Nowadays it would make sense to reimplement the proxy backend by using QEMU’s vhost feature, which would eliminate the high latency costs under which the 9p proxy backend currently suffers. However as of to date nobody has indicated plans for such kind of reimplementation unfortunately.

RISC-V ‘any’ CPU type -cpu any (since 8.2)

The ‘any’ CPU type was introduced back in 2018 and has been around since the initial RISC-V QEMU port. Its usage has always been unclear: users don’t know what to expect from a CPU called ‘any’, and in fact the CPU does not do anything special that isn’t already done by the default CPUs rv32/rv64.

After the introduction of the ‘max’ CPU type, RISC-V now has a good coverage of generic CPUs: rv32 and rv64 as default CPUs and ‘max’ as a feature complete CPU for both 32 and 64 bit builds. Users are then discouraged to use the ‘any’ CPU type starting in 8.2.

RISC-V CPU properties which start with capital ‘Z’ (since 8.2)

All RISC-V CPU properties which start with capital ‘Z’ are being deprecated starting in 8.2. The reason is that they were wrongly added with capital ‘Z’ in the past. CPU properties were later added with lower-case names, which is the format we want to use from now on.

Users which try to use these deprecated properties will receive a warning recommending to switch to their stable counterparts:

• “Zifencei” should be replaced with “zifencei”

• “Zicsr” should be replaced with “zicsr”

• “Zihintntl” should be replaced with “zihintntl”

• “Zihintpause” should be replaced with “zihintpause”

• “Zawrs” should be replaced with “zawrs”

• “Zfa” should be replaced with “zfa”

• “Zfh” should be replaced with “zfh”

• “Zfhmin” should be replaced with “zfhmin”

• “Zve32f” should be replaced with “zve32f”

• “Zve64f” should be replaced with “zve64f”

• “Zve64d” should be replaced with “zve64d”

-device sd-card,spec_version=1 (since 9.1)

SD physical layer specification v2.00 supersedes the v1.10 one. v2.00 is the default since QEMU 3.0.0.

Block device options

"backing": "" (since 2.12)

In order to prevent QEMU from automatically opening an image’s backing chain, use "backing": null instead.

rbd keyvalue pair encoded filenames: "" (since 3.1)

Options for rbd should be specified according to its runtime options, like other block drivers. Legacy parsing of keyvalue pair encoded filenames is useful to open images with the old format for backing files; These image files should be updated to use the current format.

Example of legacy encoding:

json:{"file.driver":"rbd", "file.filename":"rbd:rbd/name"}

The above, converted to the current supported format:

json:{"file.driver":"rbd", "file.pool":"rbd", "file.image":"name"}

iscsi,password=xxx (since 8.0)

Specifying the iSCSI password in plain text on the command line using the password option is insecure. The password-secret option should be used instead, to refer to a --object secret... instance that provides a password via a file, or encrypted.

Character device options

Backend memory (since 9.0)

memory is a deprecated synonym for ringbuf.

CPU device properties

pcommit on x86 (since 9.1)

The PCOMMIT instruction was never included in any physical processor. It was implemented as a no-op instruction in TCG up to QEMU 9.0, but only with -cpu max (which does not guarantee migration compatibility across versions).

pmu-num=n on RISC-V CPUs (since 8.2)

In order to support more flexible counter configurations this has been replaced by a pmu-mask property. If set of counters is continuous then the mask can be calculated with ((2 ^ n) - 1) << 3. The least significant three bits must be left clear.

Backwards compatibility

Runnability guarantee of CPU models (since 4.1)

Previous versions of QEMU never changed existing CPU models in ways that introduced additional host software or hardware requirements to the VM. This allowed management software to safely change the machine type of an existing VM without introducing new requirements (“runnability guarantee”). This prevented CPU models from being updated to include CPU vulnerability mitigations, leaving guests vulnerable in the default configuration.

The CPU model runnability guarantee won’t apply anymore to existing CPU models. Management software that needs runnability guarantees must resolve the CPU model aliases using the alias-of field returned by the query-cpu-definitions QMP command.

While those guarantees are kept, the return value of query-cpu-definitions will have existing CPU model aliases point to a version that doesn’t break runnability guarantees (specifically, version 1 of those CPU models). In future QEMU versions, aliases will point to newer CPU model versions depending on the machine type, so management software must resolve CPU model aliases before starting a virtual machine.

RISC-V “virt” board “riscv,delegate” DT property (since 9.1)

The “riscv,delegate” DT property was added in QEMU 7.0 as part of the AIA APLIC support. The property changed name during the review process in Linux and the correct name ended up being “riscv,delegation”. Changing the DT property name will break all available firmwares that are using the current (wrong) name. The property is kept as is in 9.1, together with “riscv,delegation”, to give more time for firmware developers to change their code.

Migration

fd: URI when used for file migration (since 9.1)

The fd: URI can currently provide a file descriptor that references either a socket or a plain file. These are two different types of migration. In order to reduce ambiguity, the fd: URI usage of providing a file descriptor to a plain file has been deprecated in favor of explicitly using the file: URI with the file descriptor being passed as an fdset. Refer to the add-fd command documentation for details on the fdset usage.