Introduction to Netlink

Netlink is often described as an ioctl() replacement. It aims to replace fixed-format C structures as supplied to ioctl() with a format which allows an easy way to add or extended the arguments.

To achieve this Netlink uses a minimal fixed-format metadata header followed by multiple attributes in the TLV (type, length, value) format.

Unfortunately the protocol has evolved over the years, in an organic and undocumented fashion, making it hard to coherently explain. To make the most practical sense this document starts by describing netlink as it is used today and dives into more “historical” uses in later sections.

Opening a socket

Netlink communication happens over sockets, a socket needs to be opened first:

fd = socket(AF_NETLINK, SOCK_RAW, NETLINK_GENERIC);

The use of sockets allows for a natural way of exchanging information in both directions (to and from the kernel). The operations are still performed synchronously when applications send() the request but a separate recv() system call is needed to read the reply.

A very simplified flow of a Netlink “call” will therefore look something like:

fd = socket(AF_NETLINK, SOCK_RAW, NETLINK_GENERIC);

/* format the request */
send(fd, &request, sizeof(request));
n = recv(fd, &response, RSP_BUFFER_SIZE);
/* interpret the response */

Netlink also provides natural support for “dumping”, i.e. communicating to user space all objects of a certain type (e.g. dumping all network interfaces).

fd = socket(AF_NETLINK, SOCK_RAW, NETLINK_GENERIC);

/* format the dump request */
send(fd, &request, sizeof(request));
while (1) {
  n = recv(fd, &buffer, RSP_BUFFER_SIZE);
  /* one recv() call can read multiple messages, hence the loop below */
  for (nl_msg in buffer) {
    if (nl_msg.nlmsg_type == NLMSG_DONE)
      goto dump_finished;
    /* process the object */
  }
}
dump_finished:

The first two arguments of the socket() call require little explanation - it is opening a Netlink socket, with all headers provided by the user (hence NETLINK, RAW). The last argument is the protocol within Netlink. This field used to identify the subsystem with which the socket will communicate.

Classic vs Generic Netlink

Initial implementation of Netlink depended on a static allocation of IDs to subsystems and provided little supporting infrastructure. Let us refer to those protocols collectively as Classic Netlink. The list of them is defined on top of the include/uapi/linux/netlink.h file, they include among others - general networking (NETLINK_ROUTE), iSCSI (NETLINK_ISCSI), and audit (NETLINK_AUDIT).

Generic Netlink (introduced in 2005) allows for dynamic registration of subsystems (and subsystem ID allocation), introspection and simplifies implementing the kernel side of the interface.

The following section describes how to use Generic Netlink, as the number of subsystems using Generic Netlink outnumbers the older protocols by an order of magnitude. There are also no plans for adding more Classic Netlink protocols to the kernel. Basic information on how communicating with core networking parts of the Linux kernel (or another of the 20 subsystems using Classic Netlink) differs from Generic Netlink is provided later in this document.

Generic Netlink

In addition to the Netlink fixed metadata header each Netlink protocol defines its own fixed metadata header. (Similarly to how network headers stack - Ethernet > IP > TCP we have Netlink > Generic N. > Family.)

A Netlink message always starts with struct nlmsghdr, which is followed by a protocol-specific header. In case of Generic Netlink the protocol header is struct genlmsghdr.

The practical meaning of the fields in case of Generic Netlink is as follows:

struct nlmsghdr {
      __u32   nlmsg_len;      /* Length of message including headers */
      __u16   nlmsg_type;     /* Generic Netlink Family (subsystem) ID */
      __u16   nlmsg_flags;    /* Flags - request or dump */
      __u32   nlmsg_seq;      /* Sequence number */
      __u32   nlmsg_pid;      /* Port ID, set to 0 */
};
struct genlmsghdr {
      __u8    cmd;            /* Command, as defined by the Family */
      __u8    version;        /* Irrelevant, set to 1 */
      __u16   reserved;       /* Reserved, set to 0 */
};
/* TLV attributes follow... */

In Classic Netlink nlmsghdr.nlmsg_type used to identify which operation within the subsystem the message was referring to (e.g. get information about a netdev). Generic Netlink needs to mux multiple subsystems in a single protocol so it uses this field to identify the subsystem, and genlmsghdr.cmd identifies the operation instead. (See Resolving the Family ID for information on how to find the Family ID of the subsystem of interest.) Note that the first 16 values (0 - 15) of this field are reserved for control messages both in Classic Netlink and Generic Netlink. See Netlink message types for more details.

There are 3 usual types of message exchanges on a Netlink socket:

• performing a single action (do);

• dumping information (dump);

• getting asynchronous notifications (multicast).

Classic Netlink is very flexible and presumably allows other types of exchanges to happen, but in practice those are the three that get used.

Asynchronous notifications are sent by the kernel and received by the user sockets which subscribed to them. do and dump requests are initiated by the user. nlmsghdr.nlmsg_flags should be set as follows:

• for do: NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK

• for dump: NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK | NLM_F_DUMP

nlmsghdr.nlmsg_seq should be a set to a monotonically increasing value. The value gets echoed back in responses and doesn’t matter in practice, but setting it to an increasing value for each message sent is considered good hygiene. The purpose of the field is matching responses to requests. Asynchronous notifications will have nlmsghdr.nlmsg_seq of 0.

nlmsghdr.nlmsg_pid is the Netlink equivalent of an address. This field can be set to 0 when talking to the kernel. See nlmsg_pid for the (uncommon) uses of the field.

The expected use for genlmsghdr.version was to allow versioning of the APIs provided by the subsystems. No subsystem to date made significant use of this field, so setting it to 1 seems like a safe bet.

Netlink message types

As previously mentioned nlmsghdr.nlmsg_type carries protocol specific values but the first 16 identifiers are reserved (first subsystem specific message type should be equal to NLMSG_MIN_TYPE which is 0x10).

There are only 4 Netlink control messages defined:

• NLMSG_NOOP - ignore the message, not used in practice;

• NLMSG_ERROR - carries the return code of an operation;

• NLMSG_DONE - marks the end of a dump;

• NLMSG_OVERRUN - socket buffer has overflown, not used to date.

NLMSG_ERROR and NLMSG_DONE are of practical importance. They carry return codes for operations. Note that unless the NLM_F_ACK flag is set on the request Netlink will not respond with NLMSG_ERROR if there is no error. To avoid having to special-case this quirk it is recommended to always set NLM_F_ACK.

The format of NLMSG_ERROR is described by struct nlmsgerr:

----------------------------------------------
| struct nlmsghdr - response header          |
----------------------------------------------
|    int error                               |
----------------------------------------------
| struct nlmsghdr - original request header |
----------------------------------------------
| ** optionally (1) payload of the request   |
----------------------------------------------
| ** optionally (2) extended ACK             |
----------------------------------------------

There are two instances of struct nlmsghdr here, first of the response and second of the request. NLMSG_ERROR carries the information about the request which led to the error. This could be useful when trying to match requests to responses or re-parse the request to dump it into logs.

The payload of the request is not echoed in messages reporting success (error == 0) or if NETLINK_CAP_ACK setsockopt() was set. The latter is common and perhaps recommended as having to read a copy of every request back from the kernel is rather wasteful. The absence of request payload is indicated by NLM_F_CAPPED in nlmsghdr.nlmsg_flags.

The second optional element of NLMSG_ERROR are the extended ACK attributes. See Extended ACK for more details. The presence of extended ACK is indicated by NLM_F_ACK_TLVS in nlmsghdr.nlmsg_flags.

NLMSG_DONE is simpler, the request is never echoed but the extended ACK attributes may be present:

----------------------------------------------
| struct nlmsghdr - response header          |
----------------------------------------------
|    int error                               |
----------------------------------------------
| ** optionally extended ACK                 |
----------------------------------------------

Note that some implementations may issue custom NLMSG_DONE messages in reply to do action requests. In that case the payload is implementation-specific and may also be absent.

Resolving the Family ID

This section explains how to find the Family ID of a subsystem. It also serves as an example of Generic Netlink communication.

Generic Netlink is itself a subsystem exposed via the Generic Netlink API. To avoid a circular dependency Generic Netlink has a statically allocated Family ID (GENL_ID_CTRL which is equal to NLMSG_MIN_TYPE). The Generic Netlink family implements a command used to find out information about other families (CTRL_CMD_GETFAMILY).

To get information about the Generic Netlink family named for example "test1" we need to send a message on the previously opened Generic Netlink socket. The message should target the Generic Netlink Family (1), be a do (2) call to CTRL_CMD_GETFAMILY (3). A dump version of this call would make the kernel respond with information about all the families it knows about. Last but not least the name of the family in question has to be specified (4) as an attribute with the appropriate type:

struct nlmsghdr:
  __u32 nlmsg_len:    32
  __u16 nlmsg_type:   GENL_ID_CTRL               // (1)
  __u16 nlmsg_flags:  NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK  // (2)
  __u32 nlmsg_seq:    1
  __u32 nlmsg_pid:    0

struct genlmsghdr:
  __u8 cmd:           CTRL_CMD_GETFAMILY         // (3)
  __u8 version:       2 /* or 1, doesn't matter */
  __u16 reserved:     0

struct nlattr:                                   // (4)
  __u16 nla_len:      10
  __u16 nla_type:     CTRL_ATTR_FAMILY_NAME
  char data:          test1\0

(padding:)
  char data:          \0\0

The length fields in Netlink (nlmsghdr.nlmsg_len and nlattr.nla_len) always include the header. Attribute headers in netlink must be aligned to 4 bytes from the start of the message, hence the extra \0\0 after CTRL_ATTR_FAMILY_NAME. The attribute lengths exclude the padding.

If the family is found kernel will reply with two messages, the response with all the information about the family:

/* Message #1 - reply */
struct nlmsghdr:
  __u32 nlmsg_len:    136
  __u16 nlmsg_type:   GENL_ID_CTRL
  __u16 nlmsg_flags:  0
  __u32 nlmsg_seq:    1    /* echoed from our request */
  __u32 nlmsg_pid:    5831 /* The PID of our user space process */

struct genlmsghdr:
  __u8 cmd:           CTRL_CMD_GETFAMILY
  __u8 version:       2
  __u16 reserved:     0

struct nlattr:
  __u16 nla_len:      10
  __u16 nla_type:     CTRL_ATTR_FAMILY_NAME
  char data:          test1\0

(padding:)
  data:               \0\0

struct nlattr:
  __u16 nla_len:      6
  __u16 nla_type:     CTRL_ATTR_FAMILY_ID
  __u16:              123  /* The Family ID we are after */

(padding:)
  char data:          \0\0

struct nlattr:
  __u16 nla_len:      9
  __u16 nla_type:     CTRL_ATTR_FAMILY_VERSION
  __u16:              1

/* ... etc, more attributes will follow. */

And the error code (success) since NLM_F_ACK had been set on the request:

/* Message #2 - the ACK */
struct nlmsghdr:
  __u32 nlmsg_len:    36
  __u16 nlmsg_type:   NLMSG_ERROR
  __u16 nlmsg_flags:  NLM_F_CAPPED /* There won't be a payload */
  __u32 nlmsg_seq:    1    /* echoed from our request */
  __u32 nlmsg_pid:    5831 /* The PID of our user space process */

int error:            0

struct nlmsghdr: /* Copy of the request header as we sent it */
  __u32 nlmsg_len:    32
  __u16 nlmsg_type:   GENL_ID_CTRL
  __u16 nlmsg_flags:  NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK
  __u32 nlmsg_seq:    1
  __u32 nlmsg_pid:    0

The order of attributes (struct nlattr) is not guaranteed so the user has to walk the attributes and parse them.

Note that Generic Netlink sockets are not associated or bound to a single family. A socket can be used to exchange messages with many different families, selecting the recipient family on message-by-message basis using the nlmsghdr.nlmsg_type field.

Extended ACK

Extended ACK controls reporting of additional error/warning TLVs in NLMSG_ERROR and NLMSG_DONE messages. To maintain backward compatibility this feature has to be explicitly enabled by setting the NETLINK_EXT_ACK setsockopt() to 1.

Types of extended ack attributes are defined in enum nlmsgerr_attrs. The most commonly used attributes are NLMSGERR_ATTR_MSG, NLMSGERR_ATTR_OFFS and NLMSGERR_ATTR_MISS_*.

NLMSGERR_ATTR_MSG carries a message in English describing the encountered problem. These messages are far more detailed than what can be expressed thru standard UNIX error codes.

NLMSGERR_ATTR_OFFS points to the attribute which caused the problem.

NLMSGERR_ATTR_MISS_TYPE and NLMSGERR_ATTR_MISS_NEST inform about a missing attribute.

Extended ACKs can be reported on errors as well as in case of success. The latter should be treated as a warning.

Extended ACKs greatly improve the usability of Netlink and should always be enabled, appropriately parsed and reported to the user.

Advanced topics

Dump consistency

Some of the data structures kernel uses for storing objects make it hard to provide an atomic snapshot of all the objects in a dump (without impacting the fast-paths updating them).

Kernel may set the NLM_F_DUMP_INTR flag on any message in a dump (including the NLMSG_DONE message) if the dump was interrupted and may be inconsistent (e.g. missing objects). User space should retry the dump if it sees the flag set.

Introspection

The basic introspection abilities are enabled by access to the Family object as reported in Resolving the Family ID. User can query information about the Generic Netlink family, including which operations are supported by the kernel and what attributes the kernel understands. Family information includes the highest ID of an attribute kernel can parse, a separate command (CTRL_CMD_GETPOLICY) provides detailed information about supported attributes, including ranges of values the kernel accepts.

Querying family information is useful in cases when user space needs to make sure that the kernel has support for a feature before issuing a request.

nlmsg_pid

nlmsghdr.nlmsg_pid is the Netlink equivalent of an address. It is referred to as Port ID, sometimes Process ID because for historical reasons if the application does not select (bind() to) an explicit Port ID kernel will automatically assign it the ID equal to its Process ID (as reported by the getpid() system call).

Similarly to the bind() semantics of the TCP/IP network protocols the value of zero means “assign automatically”, hence it is common for applications to leave the nlmsghdr.nlmsg_pid field initialized to 0.

The field is still used today in rare cases when kernel needs to send a unicast notification. User space application can use bind() to associate its socket with a specific PID, it then communicates its PID to the kernel. This way the kernel can reach the specific user space process.

This sort of communication is utilized in UMH (User Mode Helper)-like scenarios when kernel needs to trigger user space processing or ask user space for a policy decision.

Multicast notifications

One of the strengths of Netlink is the ability to send event notifications to user space. This is a unidirectional form of communication (kernel -> user) and does not involve any control messages like NLMSG_ERROR or NLMSG_DONE.

For example the Generic Netlink family itself defines a set of multicast notifications about registered families. When a new family is added the sockets subscribed to the notifications will get the following message:

struct nlmsghdr:
  __u32 nlmsg_len:    136
  __u16 nlmsg_type:   GENL_ID_CTRL
  __u16 nlmsg_flags:  0
  __u32 nlmsg_seq:    0
  __u32 nlmsg_pid:    0

struct genlmsghdr:
  __u8 cmd:           CTRL_CMD_NEWFAMILY
  __u8 version:       2
  __u16 reserved:     0

struct nlattr:
  __u16 nla_len:      10
  __u16 nla_type:     CTRL_ATTR_FAMILY_NAME
  char data:          test1\0

(padding:)
  data:               \0\0

struct nlattr:
  __u16 nla_len:      6
  __u16 nla_type:     CTRL_ATTR_FAMILY_ID
  __u16:              123  /* The Family ID we are after */

(padding:)
  char data:          \0\0

struct nlattr:
  __u16 nla_len:      9
  __u16 nla_type:     CTRL_ATTR_FAMILY_VERSION
  __u16:              1

/* ... etc, more attributes will follow. */

The notification contains the same information as the response to the CTRL_CMD_GETFAMILY request.

The Netlink headers of the notification are mostly 0 and irrelevant. The nlmsghdr.nlmsg_seq may be either zero or a monotonically increasing notification sequence number maintained by the family.

To receive notifications the user socket must subscribe to the relevant notification group. Much like the Family ID, the Group ID for a given multicast group is dynamic and can be found inside the Family information. The CTRL_ATTR_MCAST_GROUPS attribute contains nests with names (CTRL_ATTR_MCAST_GRP_NAME) and IDs (CTRL_ATTR_MCAST_GRP_ID) of the groups family.

Once the Group ID is known a setsockopt() call adds the socket to the group:

unsigned int group_id;

/* .. find the group ID... */

setsockopt(fd, SOL_NETLINK, NETLINK_ADD_MEMBERSHIP,
           &group_id, sizeof(group_id));

The socket will now receive notifications.

It is recommended to use separate sockets for receiving notifications and sending requests to the kernel. The asynchronous nature of notifications means that they may get mixed in with the responses making the message handling much harder.

Buffer sizing

Netlink sockets are datagram sockets rather than stream sockets, meaning that each message must be received in its entirety by a single recv()/recvmsg() system call. If the buffer provided by the user is too short, the message will be truncated and the MSG_TRUNC flag set in struct msghdr (struct msghdr is the second argument of the recvmsg() system call, not a Netlink header).

Upon truncation the remaining part of the message is discarded.

Netlink expects that the user buffer will be at least 8kB or a page size of the CPU architecture, whichever is bigger. Particular Netlink families may, however, require a larger buffer. 32kB buffer is recommended for most efficient handling of dumps (larger buffer fits more dumped objects and therefore fewer recvmsg() calls are needed).

Classic Netlink

The main differences between Classic and Generic Netlink are the dynamic allocation of subsystem identifiers and availability of introspection. In theory the protocol does not differ significantly, however, in practice Classic Netlink experimented with concepts which were abandoned in Generic Netlink (really, they usually only found use in a small corner of a single subsystem). This section is meant as an explainer of a few of such concepts, with the explicit goal of giving the Generic Netlink users the confidence to ignore them when reading the uAPI headers.

Most of the concepts and examples here refer to the NETLINK_ROUTE family, which covers much of the configuration of the Linux networking stack. Real documentation of that family, deserves a chapter (or a book) of its own.

Families

Netlink refers to subsystems as families. This is a remnant of using sockets and the concept of protocol families, which are part of message demultiplexing in NETLINK_ROUTE.

Sadly every layer of encapsulation likes to refer to whatever it’s carrying as “families” making the term very confusing:

1. AF_NETLINK is a bona fide socket protocol family

2. AF_NETLINK’s documentation refers to what comes after its own header (struct nlmsghdr) in a message as a “Family Header”

3. Generic Netlink is a family for AF_NETLINK (struct genlmsghdr follows struct nlmsghdr), yet it also calls its users “Families”.

Note that the Generic Netlink Family IDs are in a different “ID space” and overlap with Classic Netlink protocol numbers (e.g. NETLINK_CRYPTO has the Classic Netlink protocol ID of 21 which Generic Netlink will happily allocate to one of its families as well).

Strict checking

The NETLINK_GET_STRICT_CHK socket option enables strict input checking in NETLINK_ROUTE. It was needed because historically kernel did not validate the fields of structures it didn’t process. This made it impossible to start using those fields later without risking regressions in applications which initialized them incorrectly or not at all.

NETLINK_GET_STRICT_CHK declares that the application is initializing all fields correctly. It also opts into validating that message does not contain trailing data and requests that kernel rejects attributes with type higher than largest attribute type known to the kernel.

NETLINK_GET_STRICT_CHK is not used outside of NETLINK_ROUTE.

Unknown attributes

Historically Netlink ignored all unknown attributes. The thinking was that it would free the application from having to probe what kernel supports. The application could make a request to change the state and check which parts of the request “stuck”.

This is no longer the case for new Generic Netlink families and those opting in to strict checking. See enum netlink_validation for validation types performed.

Fixed metadata and structures

Classic Netlink made liberal use of fixed-format structures within the messages. Messages would commonly have a structure with a considerable number of fields after struct nlmsghdr. It was also common to put structures with multiple members inside attributes, without breaking each member into an attribute of its own.

This has caused problems with validation and extensibility and therefore using binary structures is actively discouraged for new attributes.

Request types

NETLINK_ROUTE categorized requests into 4 types NEW, DEL, GET, and SET. Each object can handle all or some of those requests (objects being netdevs, routes, addresses, qdiscs etc.) Request type is defined by the 2 lowest bits of the message type, so commands for new objects would always be allocated with a stride of 4.

Each object would also have its own fixed metadata shared by all request types (e.g. struct ifinfomsg for netdev requests, struct ifaddrmsg for address requests, struct tcmsg for qdisc requests).

Even though other protocols and Generic Netlink commands often use the same verbs in their message names (GET, SET) the concept of request types did not find wider adoption.

Notification echo

NLM_F_ECHO requests for notifications resulting from the request to be queued onto the requesting socket. This is useful to discover the impact of the request.

Note that this feature is not universally implemented.

Other request-type-specific flags

Classic Netlink defined various flags for its GET, NEW and DEL requests in the upper byte of nlmsg_flags in struct nlmsghdr. Since request types have not been generalized the request type specific flags are rarely used (and considered deprecated for new families).

For GET - NLM_F_ROOT and NLM_F_MATCH are combined into NLM_F_DUMP, and not used separately. NLM_F_ATOMIC is never used.

For DEL - NLM_F_NONREC is only used by nftables and NLM_F_BULK only by FDB some operations.

The flags for NEW are used most commonly in classic Netlink. Unfortunately, the meaning is not crystal clear. The following description is based on the best guess of the intention of the authors, and in practice all families stray from it in one way or another. NLM_F_REPLACE asks to replace an existing object, if no matching object exists the operation should fail. NLM_F_EXCL has the opposite semantics and only succeeds if object already existed. NLM_F_CREATE asks for the object to be created if it does not exist, it can be combined with NLM_F_REPLACE and NLM_F_EXCL.

A comment in the main Netlink uAPI header states:

4.4BSD ADD           NLM_F_CREATE|NLM_F_EXCL
4.4BSD CHANGE        NLM_F_REPLACE

True CHANGE          NLM_F_CREATE|NLM_F_REPLACE
Append               NLM_F_CREATE
Check                NLM_F_EXCL

which seems to indicate that those flags predate request types. NLM_F_REPLACE without NLM_F_CREATE was initially used instead of SET commands. NLM_F_EXCL without NLM_F_CREATE was used to check if object exists without creating it, presumably predating GET commands.

NLM_F_APPEND indicates that if one key can have multiple objects associated with it (e.g. multiple next-hop objects for a route) the new object should be added to the list rather than replacing the entire list.

uAPI reference

struct nlmsghdr

fixed format metadata header of Netlink messages

Definition:

struct nlmsghdr {
    __u32 nlmsg_len;
    __u16 nlmsg_type;
    __u16 nlmsg_flags;
    __u32 nlmsg_seq;
    __u32 nlmsg_pid;
};

Members

nlmsg_len

Length of message including header

nlmsg_type

Message content type

nlmsg_flags

Additional flags

nlmsg_seq

Sequence number

nlmsg_pid

Sending process port ID

enum nlmsgerr_attrs

nlmsgerr attributes

Constants

NLMSGERR_ATTR_UNUSED

unused

NLMSGERR_ATTR_MSG

error message string (string)

NLMSGERR_ATTR_OFFS

offset of the invalid attribute in the original message, counting from the beginning of the header (u32)

NLMSGERR_ATTR_COOKIE

arbitrary subsystem specific cookie to be used - in the success case - to identify a created object or operation or similar (binary)

NLMSGERR_ATTR_POLICY

policy for a rejected attribute

NLMSGERR_ATTR_MISS_TYPE

type of a missing required attribute, NLMSGERR_ATTR_MISS_NEST will not be present if the attribute was missing at the message level

NLMSGERR_ATTR_MISS_NEST

offset of the nest where attribute was missing

__NLMSGERR_ATTR_MAX

number of attributes

NLMSGERR_ATTR_MAX

highest attribute number

enum netlink_attribute_type

type of an attribute

Constants

NL_ATTR_TYPE_INVALID

unused

NL_ATTR_TYPE_FLAG

flag attribute (present/not present)

NL_ATTR_TYPE_U8

8-bit unsigned attribute

NL_ATTR_TYPE_U16

16-bit unsigned attribute

NL_ATTR_TYPE_U32

32-bit unsigned attribute

NL_ATTR_TYPE_U64

64-bit unsigned attribute

NL_ATTR_TYPE_S8

8-bit signed attribute

NL_ATTR_TYPE_S16

16-bit signed attribute

NL_ATTR_TYPE_S32

32-bit signed attribute

NL_ATTR_TYPE_S64

64-bit signed attribute

NL_ATTR_TYPE_BINARY

binary data, min/max length may be specified

NL_ATTR_TYPE_STRING

string, min/max length may be specified

NL_ATTR_TYPE_NUL_STRING

NUL-terminated string, min/max length may be specified

NL_ATTR_TYPE_NESTED

nested, i.e. the content of this attribute consists of sub-attributes. The nested policy and maxtype inside may be specified.

NL_ATTR_TYPE_NESTED_ARRAY

nested array, i.e. the content of this attribute contains sub-attributes whose type is irrelevant (just used to separate the array entries) and each such array entry has attributes again, the policy for those inner ones and the corresponding maxtype may be specified.

NL_ATTR_TYPE_BITFIELD32

struct nla_bitfield32 attribute

NL_ATTR_TYPE_SINT

32-bit or 64-bit signed attribute, aligned to 4B

NL_ATTR_TYPE_UINT

32-bit or 64-bit unsigned attribute, aligned to 4B

enum netlink_policy_type_attr

policy type attributes

Constants

NL_POLICY_TYPE_ATTR_UNSPEC

unused

NL_POLICY_TYPE_ATTR_TYPE

type of the attribute, enum netlink_attribute_type (U32)

NL_POLICY_TYPE_ATTR_MIN_VALUE_S

minimum value for signed integers (S64)

NL_POLICY_TYPE_ATTR_MAX_VALUE_S

maximum value for signed integers (S64)

NL_POLICY_TYPE_ATTR_MIN_VALUE_U

minimum value for unsigned integers (U64)

NL_POLICY_TYPE_ATTR_MAX_VALUE_U

maximum value for unsigned integers (U64)

NL_POLICY_TYPE_ATTR_MIN_LENGTH

minimum length for binary attributes, no minimum if not given (U32)

NL_POLICY_TYPE_ATTR_MAX_LENGTH

maximum length for binary attributes, no maximum if not given (U32)

NL_POLICY_TYPE_ATTR_POLICY_IDX

sub policy for nested and nested array types (U32)

NL_POLICY_TYPE_ATTR_POLICY_MAXTYPE

maximum sub policy attribute for nested and nested array types, this can in theory be < the size of the policy pointed to by the index, if limited inside the nesting (U32)

NL_POLICY_TYPE_ATTR_BITFIELD32_MASK

valid mask for the bitfield32 type (U32)

NL_POLICY_TYPE_ATTR_PAD

pad attribute for 64-bit alignment

NL_POLICY_TYPE_ATTR_MASK

mask of valid bits for unsigned integers (U64)

__NL_POLICY_TYPE_ATTR_MAX

number of attributes

NL_POLICY_TYPE_ATTR_MAX

highest attribute number