Compute Express Link Memory Devices¶

A Compute Express Link Memory Device is a CXL component that implements the CXL.mem protocol. It contains some amount of volatile memory, persistent memory, or both. It is enumerated as a PCI device for configuration and passing messages over an MMIO mailbox. Its contribution to the System Physical Address space is handled via HDM (Host Managed Device Memory) decoders that optionally define a device’s contribution to an interleaved address range across multiple devices underneath a host-bridge or interleaved across host-bridges.

CXL Bus: Theory of Operation¶

Similar to how a RAID driver takes disk objects and assembles them into a new logical device, the CXL subsystem is tasked to take PCIe and ACPI objects and assemble them into a CXL.mem decode topology. The need for runtime configuration of the CXL.mem topology is also similar to RAID in that different environments with the same hardware configuration may decide to assemble the topology in contrasting ways. One may choose performance (RAID0) striping memory across multiple Host Bridges and endpoints while another may opt for fault tolerance and disable any striping in the CXL.mem topology.

Platform firmware enumerates a menu of interleave options at the “CXL root port” (Linux term for the top of the CXL decode topology). From there, PCIe topology dictates which endpoints can participate in which Host Bridge decode regimes. Each PCIe Switch in the path between the root and an endpoint introduces a point at which the interleave can be split. For example platform firmware may say at a given range only decodes to 1 one Host Bridge, but that Host Bridge may in turn interleave cycles across multiple Root Ports. An intervening Switch between a port and an endpoint may interleave cycles across multiple Downstream Switch Ports, etc.

Here is a sample listing of a CXL topology defined by ‘cxl_test’. The ‘cxl_test’ module generates an emulated CXL topology of 2 Host Bridges each with 2 Root Ports. Each of those Root Ports are connected to 2-way switches with endpoints connected to those downstream ports for a total of 8 endpoints:

# cxl list -BEMPu -b cxl_test
{
  "bus":"root3",
  "provider":"cxl_test",
  "ports:root3":[
    {
      "port":"port5",
      "host":"cxl_host_bridge.1",
      "ports:port5":[
        {
          "port":"port8",
          "host":"cxl_switch_uport.1",
          "endpoints:port8":[
            {
              "endpoint":"endpoint9",
              "host":"mem2",
              "memdev":{
                "memdev":"mem2",
                "pmem_size":"256.00 MiB (268.44 MB)",
                "ram_size":"256.00 MiB (268.44 MB)",
                "serial":"0x1",
                "numa_node":1,
                "host":"cxl_mem.1"
              }
            },
            {
              "endpoint":"endpoint15",
              "host":"mem6",
              "memdev":{
                "memdev":"mem6",
                "pmem_size":"256.00 MiB (268.44 MB)",
                "ram_size":"256.00 MiB (268.44 MB)",
                "serial":"0x5",
                "numa_node":1,
                "host":"cxl_mem.5"
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "port":"port12",
          "host":"cxl_switch_uport.3",
          "endpoints:port12":[
            {
              "endpoint":"endpoint17",
              "host":"mem8",
              "memdev":{
                "memdev":"mem8",
                "pmem_size":"256.00 MiB (268.44 MB)",
                "ram_size":"256.00 MiB (268.44 MB)",
                "serial":"0x7",
                "numa_node":1,
                "host":"cxl_mem.7"
              }
            },
            {
              "endpoint":"endpoint13",
              "host":"mem4",
              "memdev":{
                "memdev":"mem4",
                "pmem_size":"256.00 MiB (268.44 MB)",
                "ram_size":"256.00 MiB (268.44 MB)",
                "serial":"0x3",
                "numa_node":1,
                "host":"cxl_mem.3"
              }
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "port":"port4",
      "host":"cxl_host_bridge.0",
      "ports:port4":[
        {
          "port":"port6",
          "host":"cxl_switch_uport.0",
          "endpoints:port6":[
            {
              "endpoint":"endpoint7",
              "host":"mem1",
              "memdev":{
                "memdev":"mem1",
                "pmem_size":"256.00 MiB (268.44 MB)",
                "ram_size":"256.00 MiB (268.44 MB)",
                "serial":"0",
                "numa_node":0,
                "host":"cxl_mem.0"
              }
            },
            {
              "endpoint":"endpoint14",
              "host":"mem5",
              "memdev":{
                "memdev":"mem5",
                "pmem_size":"256.00 MiB (268.44 MB)",
                "ram_size":"256.00 MiB (268.44 MB)",
                "serial":"0x4",
                "numa_node":0,
                "host":"cxl_mem.4"
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "port":"port10",
          "host":"cxl_switch_uport.2",
          "endpoints:port10":[
            {
              "endpoint":"endpoint16",
              "host":"mem7",
              "memdev":{
                "memdev":"mem7",
                "pmem_size":"256.00 MiB (268.44 MB)",
                "ram_size":"256.00 MiB (268.44 MB)",
                "serial":"0x6",
                "numa_node":0,
                "host":"cxl_mem.6"
              }
            },
            {
              "endpoint":"endpoint11",
              "host":"mem3",
              "memdev":{
                "memdev":"mem3",
                "pmem_size":"256.00 MiB (268.44 MB)",
                "ram_size":"256.00 MiB (268.44 MB)",
                "serial":"0x2",
                "numa_node":0,
                "host":"cxl_mem.2"
              }
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

In that listing each “root”, “port”, and “endpoint” object correspond a kernel ‘struct cxl_port’ object. A ‘cxl_port’ is a device that can decode CXL.mem to its descendants. So “root” claims non-PCIe enumerable platform decode ranges and decodes them to “ports”, “ports” decode to “endpoints”, and “endpoints” represent the decode from SPA (System Physical Address) to DPA (Device Physical Address).

Continuing the RAID analogy, disks have both topology metadata and on device metadata that determine RAID set assembly. CXL Port topology and CXL Port link status is metadata for CXL.mem set assembly. The CXL Port topology is enumerated by the arrival of a CXL.mem device. I.e. unless and until the PCIe core attaches the cxl_pci driver to a CXL Memory Expander there is no role for CXL Port objects. Conversely for hot-unplug / removal scenarios, there is no need for the Linux PCI core to tear down switch-level CXL resources because the endpoint ->remove() event cleans up the port data that was established to support that Memory Expander.

The port metadata and potential decode schemes that a give memory device may participate can be determined via a command like:

# cxl list -BDMu -d root -m mem3
{
  "bus":"root3",
  "provider":"cxl_test",
  "decoders:root3":[
    {
      "decoder":"decoder3.1",
      "resource":"0x8030000000",
      "size":"512.00 MiB (536.87 MB)",
      "volatile_capable":true,
      "nr_targets":2
    },
    {
      "decoder":"decoder3.3",
      "resource":"0x8060000000",
      "size":"512.00 MiB (536.87 MB)",
      "pmem_capable":true,
      "nr_targets":2
    },
    {
      "decoder":"decoder3.0",
      "resource":"0x8020000000",
      "size":"256.00 MiB (268.44 MB)",
      "volatile_capable":true,
      "nr_targets":1
    },
    {
      "decoder":"decoder3.2",
      "resource":"0x8050000000",
      "size":"256.00 MiB (268.44 MB)",
      "pmem_capable":true,
      "nr_targets":1
    }
  ],
  "memdevs:root3":[
    {
      "memdev":"mem3",
      "pmem_size":"256.00 MiB (268.44 MB)",
      "ram_size":"256.00 MiB (268.44 MB)",
      "serial":"0x2",
      "numa_node":0,
      "host":"cxl_mem.2"
    }
  ]
}

...which queries the CXL topology to ask “given CXL Memory Expander with a kernel device name of ‘mem3’ which platform level decode ranges may this device participate”. A given expander can participate in multiple CXL.mem interleave sets simultaneously depending on how many decoder resource it has. In this example mem3 can participate in one or more of a PMEM interleave that spans to Host Bridges, a PMEM interleave that targets a single Host Bridge, a Volatile memory interleave that spans 2 Host Bridges, and a Volatile memory interleave that only targets a single Host Bridge.

Conversely the memory devices that can participate in a given platform level decode scheme can be determined via a command like the following:

# cxl list -MDu -d 3.2
[
  {
    "memdevs":[
      {
        "memdev":"mem1",
        "pmem_size":"256.00 MiB (268.44 MB)",
        "ram_size":"256.00 MiB (268.44 MB)",
        "serial":"0",
        "numa_node":0,
        "host":"cxl_mem.0"
      },
      {
        "memdev":"mem5",
        "pmem_size":"256.00 MiB (268.44 MB)",
        "ram_size":"256.00 MiB (268.44 MB)",
        "serial":"0x4",
        "numa_node":0,
        "host":"cxl_mem.4"
      },
      {
        "memdev":"mem7",
        "pmem_size":"256.00 MiB (268.44 MB)",
        "ram_size":"256.00 MiB (268.44 MB)",
        "serial":"0x6",
        "numa_node":0,
        "host":"cxl_mem.6"
      },
      {
        "memdev":"mem3",
        "pmem_size":"256.00 MiB (268.44 MB)",
        "ram_size":"256.00 MiB (268.44 MB)",
        "serial":"0x2",
        "numa_node":0,
        "host":"cxl_mem.2"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "root decoders":[
      {
        "decoder":"decoder3.2",
        "resource":"0x8050000000",
        "size":"256.00 MiB (268.44 MB)",
        "pmem_capable":true,
        "nr_targets":1
      }
    ]
  }
]

...where the naming scheme for decoders is “decoder<port_id>.<instance_id>”.

Driver Infrastructure¶

This section covers the driver infrastructure for a CXL memory device.

CXL Memory Device¶

This implements the PCI exclusive functionality for a CXL device as it is defined by the Compute Express Link specification. CXL devices may surface certain functionality even if it isn’t CXL enabled. While this driver is focused around the PCI specific aspects of a CXL device, it binds to the specific CXL memory device class code, and therefore the implementation of cxl_pci is focused around CXL memory devices.

The driver has several responsibilities, mainly:

Create the memX device and register on the CXL bus.
Enumerate device’s register interface and map them.
Registers nvdimm bridge device with cxl_core.
Registers a CXL mailbox with cxl_core.

int __cxl_pci_mbox_send_cmd(struct cxl_memdev_state *mds, struct cxl_mbox_cmd *mbox_cmd)¶: Execute a mailbox command

Parameters

struct cxl_memdev_state *mds: The memory device driver data
struct cxl_mbox_cmd *mbox_cmd: Command to send to the memory device.

Context

Any context. Expects mbox_mutex to be held.

Return

-ETIMEDOUT if timeout occurred waiting for completion. 0 on success.: Caller should check the return code in mbox_cmd to make sure it succeeded.

Description

This is a generic form of the CXL mailbox send command thus only using the registers defined by the mailbox capability ID - CXL 2.0 8.2.8.4. Memory devices, and perhaps other types of CXL devices may have further information available upon error conditions. Driver facilities wishing to send mailbox commands should use the wrapper command.

The CXL spec allows for up to two mailboxes. The intention is for the primary mailbox to be OS controlled and the secondary mailbox to be used by system firmware. This allows the OS and firmware to communicate with the device and not need to coordinate with each other. The driver only uses the primary mailbox.

CXL memory endpoint devices and switches are CXL capable devices that are participating in CXL.mem protocol. Their functionality builds on top of the CXL.io protocol that allows enumerating and configuring components via standard PCI mechanisms.

The cxl_mem driver owns kicking off the enumeration of this CXL.mem capability. With the detection of a CXL capable endpoint, the driver will walk up to find the platform specific port it is connected to, and determine if there are intervening switches in the path. If there are switches, a secondary action is to enumerate those (implemented in cxl_core). Finally the cxl_mem driver adds the device it is bound to as a CXL endpoint-port for use in higher level operations.

struct cxl_memdev¶: CXL bus object representing a Type-3 Memory Device

Definition:

struct cxl_memdev {
    struct device dev;
    struct cdev cdev;
    struct cxl_dev_state *cxlds;
    struct work_struct detach_work;
    struct cxl_nvdimm_bridge *cxl_nvb;
    struct cxl_nvdimm *cxl_nvd;
    struct cxl_port *endpoint;
    int id;
    int depth;
};

Members

dev: driver core device object
cdev: char dev core object for ioctl operations
cxlds: The device state backing this device
detach_work: active memdev lost a port in its ancestry
cxl_nvb: coordinate removal of cxl_nvd if present
cxl_nvd: optional bridge to an nvdimm if the device supports pmem
endpoint: connection to the CXL port topology for this memory device
id: id number of this memdev instance.
depth: endpoint port depth

struct cxl_mbox_cmd¶: A command to be submitted to hardware.

Definition:

struct cxl_mbox_cmd {
    u16 opcode;
    void *payload_in;
    void *payload_out;
    size_t size_in;
    size_t size_out;
    size_t min_out;
    int poll_count;
    int poll_interval_ms;
    u16 return_code;
};

Members

opcode: (input) The command set and command submitted to hardware.
payload_in: (input) Pointer to the input payload.
payload_out: (output) Pointer to the output payload. Must be allocated by the caller.
size_in: (input) Number of bytes to load from payload_in.
size_out: (input) Max number of bytes loaded into payload_out. (output) Number of bytes generated by the device. For fixed size outputs commands this is always expected to be deterministic. For variable sized output commands, it tells the exact number of bytes written.
min_out: (input) internal command output payload size validation
poll_count: (input) Number of timeouts to attempt.
poll_interval_ms: (input) Time between mailbox background command polling interval timeouts.
return_code: (output) Error code returned from hardware.

Description

This is the primary mechanism used to send commands to the hardware. All the fields except payload_* correspond exactly to the fields described in Command Register section of the CXL 2.0 8.2.8.4.5. payload_in and payload_out are written to, and read from the Command Payload Registers defined in CXL 2.0 8.2.8.4.8.

struct cxl_event_state¶: Event log driver state

Definition:

struct cxl_event_state {
    struct cxl_get_event_payload *buf;
    struct mutex log_lock;
};

Members

buf: Buffer to receive event data
log_lock: Serialize event_buf and log use

struct cxl_poison_state¶: Driver poison state info

Definition:

struct cxl_poison_state {
    u32 max_errors;
    unsigned long enabled_cmds[BITS_TO_LONGS(CXL_POISON_ENABLED_MAX)];
    struct cxl_mbox_poison_out *list_out;
    struct mutex lock;
};

Members

max_errors: Maximum media error records held in device cache
enabled_cmds: All poison commands enabled in the CEL
list_out: The poison list payload returned by device
lock: Protect reads of the poison list

Description

Reads of the poison list are synchronized to ensure that a reader does not get an incomplete list because their request overlapped (was interrupted or preceded by) another read request of the same DPA range. CXL Spec 3.0 Section 8.2.9.8.4.1

struct cxl_fw_state¶: Firmware upload / activation state

Definition:

struct cxl_fw_state {
    unsigned long state[BITS_TO_LONGS(CXL_FW_STATE_BITS)];
    bool oneshot;
    int num_slots;
    int cur_slot;
    int next_slot;
};

Members

state: fw_uploader state bitmask
oneshot: whether the fw upload fits in a single transfer
num_slots: Number of FW slots available
cur_slot: Slot number currently active
next_slot: Slot number for the new firmware

struct cxl_security_state¶: Device security state

Definition:

struct cxl_security_state {
    unsigned long state;
    unsigned long enabled_cmds[BITS_TO_LONGS(CXL_SEC_ENABLED_MAX)];
    int poll_tmo_secs;
    bool sanitize_active;
    struct delayed_work poll_dwork;
    struct kernfs_node *sanitize_node;
};

Members

state: state of last security operation
enabled_cmds: All security commands enabled in the CEL
poll_tmo_secs: polling timeout
sanitize_active: sanitize completion pending
poll_dwork: polling work item
sanitize_node: sanitation sysfs file to notify

struct cxl_dpa_perf¶: DPA performance property entry

Definition:

struct cxl_dpa_perf {
    struct range dpa_range;
    struct access_coordinate coord[ACCESS_COORDINATE_MAX];
    int qos_class;
};

Members

dpa_range: range for DPA address
coord: QoS performance data (i.e. latency, bandwidth)
qos_class: QoS Class cookies

struct cxl_dev_state¶: The driver device state

Definition:

struct cxl_dev_state {
    struct device *dev;
    struct cxl_memdev *cxlmd;
    struct cxl_register_map reg_map;
    struct cxl_regs regs;
    int cxl_dvsec;
    bool rcd;
    bool media_ready;
    struct resource dpa_res;
    struct resource pmem_res;
    struct resource ram_res;
    u64 serial;
    enum cxl_devtype type;
};

Members

dev: The device associated with this CXL state
cxlmd: The device representing the CXL.mem capabilities of dev
reg_map: component and ras register mapping parameters
regs: Parsed register blocks
cxl_dvsec: Offset to the PCIe device DVSEC
rcd: operating in RCD mode (CXL 3.0 9.11.8 CXL Devices Attached to an RCH)
media_ready: Indicate whether the device media is usable
dpa_res: Overall DPA resource tree for the device
pmem_res: Active Persistent memory capacity configuration
ram_res: Active Volatile memory capacity configuration
serial: PCIe Device Serial Number
type: Generic Memory Class device or Vendor Specific Memory device

Description

cxl_dev_state represents the CXL driver/device state. It provides an interface to mailbox commands as well as some cached data about the device. Currently only memory devices are represented.

struct cxl_memdev_state¶: Generic Type-3 Memory Device Class driver data

Definition:

struct cxl_memdev_state {
    struct cxl_dev_state cxlds;
    size_t payload_size;
    size_t lsa_size;
    struct mutex mbox_mutex;
    char firmware_version[0x10];
    unsigned long enabled_cmds[BITS_TO_LONGS(CXL_MEM_COMMAND_ID_MAX)];
    unsigned long exclusive_cmds[BITS_TO_LONGS(CXL_MEM_COMMAND_ID_MAX)];
    u64 total_bytes;
    u64 volatile_only_bytes;
    u64 persistent_only_bytes;
    u64 partition_align_bytes;
    u64 active_volatile_bytes;
    u64 active_persistent_bytes;
    u64 next_volatile_bytes;
    u64 next_persistent_bytes;
    struct cxl_dpa_perf ram_perf;
    struct cxl_dpa_perf pmem_perf;
    struct cxl_event_state event;
    struct cxl_poison_state poison;
    struct cxl_security_state security;
    struct cxl_fw_state fw;
    struct rcuwait mbox_wait;
    int (*mbox_send)(struct cxl_memdev_state *mds, struct cxl_mbox_cmd *cmd);
};

Members

cxlds: Core driver state common across Type-2 and Type-3 devices
payload_size: Size of space for payload (CXL 2.0 8.2.8.4.3 Mailbox Capabilities Register)
lsa_size: Size of Label Storage Area (CXL 2.0 8.2.9.5.1.1 Identify Memory Device)
mbox_mutex: Mutex to synchronize mailbox access.
firmware_version: Firmware version for the memory device.
enabled_cmds: Hardware commands found enabled in CEL.
exclusive_cmds: Commands that are kernel-internal only
total_bytes: sum of all possible capacities
volatile_only_bytes: hard volatile capacity
persistent_only_bytes: hard persistent capacity
partition_align_bytes: alignment size for partition-able capacity
active_volatile_bytes: sum of hard + soft volatile
active_persistent_bytes: sum of hard + soft persistent
next_volatile_bytes: volatile capacity change pending device reset
next_persistent_bytes: persistent capacity change pending device reset
ram_perf: performance data entry matched to RAM partition
pmem_perf: performance data entry matched to PMEM partition
event: event log driver state
poison: poison driver state info
security: security driver state info
fw: firmware upload / activation state
mbox_wait: RCU wait for mbox send completely
mbox_send: dev specific transport for transmitting mailbox commands

Description

CXL 8.1.12.1 PCI Header - Class Code Register Memory Device defines common memory device functionality like the presence of a mailbox and the functionality related to that like Identify Memory Device and Get Partition Info See CXL 3.0 8.2.9.8.2 Capacity Configuration and Label Storage for details on capacity parameters.

struct cxl_mem_command¶: Driver representation of a memory device command

Definition:

struct cxl_mem_command {
    struct cxl_command_info info;
    enum cxl_opcode opcode;
    u32 flags;
#define CXL_CMD_FLAG_FORCE_ENABLE BIT(0);
};

Members

info

Command information as it exists for the UAPI

opcode

The actual bits used for the mailbox protocol

flags

Set of flags effecting driver behavior.

CXL_CMD_FLAG_FORCE_ENABLE: In cases of error, commands with this flag will be enabled by the driver regardless of what hardware may have advertised.

Description

The cxl_mem_command is the driver’s internal representation of commands that are supported by the driver. Some of these commands may not be supported by the hardware. The driver will use info to validate the fields passed in by the user then submit the opcode to the hardware.

See struct cxl_command_info.

struct cxl_hdm¶: HDM Decoder registers and cached / decoded capabilities

Definition:

struct cxl_hdm {
    struct cxl_component_regs regs;
    unsigned int decoder_count;
    unsigned int target_count;
    unsigned int interleave_mask;
    unsigned long iw_cap_mask;
    struct cxl_port *port;
};

Members

regs: mapped registers, see devm_cxl_setup_hdm()
decoder_count: number of decoders for this port
target_count: for switch decoders, max downstream port targets
interleave_mask: interleave granularity capability, see check_interleave_cap()
iw_cap_mask: bitmask of supported interleave ways, see check_interleave_cap()
port: mapped cxl_port, see devm_cxl_setup_hdm()

void set_exclusive_cxl_commands(struct cxl_memdev_state *mds, unsigned long *cmds)¶: atomically disable user cxl commands

Parameters

struct cxl_memdev_state *mds: The device state to operate on
unsigned long *cmds: bitmap of commands to mark exclusive

Description

Grab the cxl_memdev_rwsem in write mode to flush in-flight invocations of the ioctl path and then disable future execution of commands with the command ids set in cmds.

void clear_exclusive_cxl_commands(struct cxl_memdev_state *mds, unsigned long *cmds)¶: atomically enable user cxl commands

Parameters

struct cxl_memdev_state *mds: The device state to modify
unsigned long *cmds: bitmap of commands to mark available for userspace

int cxl_mem_get_fw_info(struct cxl_memdev_state *mds)¶: Get Firmware info

Parameters

struct cxl_memdev_state *mds: The device data for the operation

Description

Retrieve firmware info for the device specified.

See CXL-3.0 8.2.9.3.1 Get FW Info

Return

0 if no error: or the result of the mailbox command.

int cxl_mem_activate_fw(struct cxl_memdev_state *mds, int slot)¶: Activate Firmware

Parameters

struct cxl_memdev_state *mds: The device data for the operation
int slot: slot number to activate

Description

Activate firmware in a given slot for the device specified.

See CXL-3.0 8.2.9.3.3 Activate FW

Return

0 if no error: or the result of the mailbox command.

int cxl_mem_abort_fw_xfer(struct cxl_memdev_state *mds)¶: Abort an in-progress FW transfer

Parameters

struct cxl_memdev_state *mds: The device data for the operation

Description

Abort an in-progress firmware transfer for the device specified.

See CXL-3.0 8.2.9.3.2 Transfer FW

Return

0 if no error: or the result of the mailbox command.

CXL Port¶

The port driver enumerates dport via PCI and scans for HDM (Host-managed-Device-Memory) decoder resources via the component_reg_phys value passed in by the agent that registered the port. All descendant ports of a CXL root port (described by platform firmware) are managed in this drivers context. Each driver instance is responsible for tearing down the driver context of immediate descendant ports. The locking for this is validated by CONFIG_PROVE_CXL_LOCKING.

The primary service this driver provides is presenting APIs to other drivers to utilize the decoders, and indicating to userspace (via bind status) the connectivity of the CXL.mem protocol throughout the PCIe topology.

CXL Core¶

The CXL core objects like ports, decoders, and regions are shared between the subsystem drivers cxl_acpi, cxl_pci, and core drivers (port-driver, region-driver, nvdimm object-drivers... etc).

struct cxl_register_map¶: DVSEC harvested register block mapping parameters

Definition:

struct cxl_register_map {
    struct device *host;
    void __iomem *base;
    resource_size_t resource;
    resource_size_t max_size;
    u8 reg_type;
    union {
        struct cxl_component_reg_map component_map;
        struct cxl_device_reg_map device_map;
        struct cxl_pmu_reg_map pmu_map;
    };
};

Members

host: device for devm operations and logging
base: virtual base of the register-block-BAR + block_offset
resource: physical resource base of the register block
max_size: maximum mapping size to perform register search
reg_type: see enum cxl_regloc_type
{unnamed_union}: anonymous
component_map: cxl_reg_map for component registers
device_map: cxl_reg_maps for device registers
pmu_map: cxl_reg_maps for CXL Performance Monitoring Units

struct cxl_decoder¶: Common CXL HDM Decoder Attributes

Definition:

struct cxl_decoder {
    struct device dev;
    int id;
    struct range hpa_range;
    int interleave_ways;
    int interleave_granularity;
    enum cxl_decoder_type target_type;
    struct cxl_region *region;
    unsigned long flags;
    int (*commit)(struct cxl_decoder *cxld);
    void (*reset)(struct cxl_decoder *cxld);
};

Members

dev: this decoder’s device
id: kernel device name id
hpa_range: Host physical address range mapped by this decoder
interleave_ways: number of cxl_dports in this decode
interleave_granularity: data stride per dport
target_type: accelerator vs expander (type2 vs type3) selector
region: currently assigned region for this decoder
flags: memory type capabilities and locking
commit: device/decoder-type specific callback to commit settings to hw
reset: device/decoder-type specific callback to reset hw settings

struct cxl_endpoint_decoder¶: Endpoint / SPA to DPA decoder

Definition:

struct cxl_endpoint_decoder {
    struct cxl_decoder cxld;
    struct resource *dpa_res;
    resource_size_t skip;
    enum cxl_decoder_mode mode;
    enum cxl_decoder_state state;
    int pos;
};

Members

cxld: base cxl_decoder_object
dpa_res: actively claimed DPA span of this decoder
skip: offset into dpa_res where cxld.hpa_range maps
mode: which memory type / access-mode-partition this decoder targets
state: autodiscovery state
pos: interleave position in cxld.region

struct cxl_switch_decoder¶: Switch specific CXL HDM Decoder

Definition:

struct cxl_switch_decoder {
    struct cxl_decoder cxld;
    int nr_targets;
    struct cxl_dport *target[];
};

Members

cxld: base cxl_decoder object
nr_targets: number of elements in target
target: active ordered target list in current decoder configuration

Description

The ‘switch’ decoder type represents the decoder instances of cxl_port’s that route from the root of a CXL memory decode topology to the endpoints. They come in two flavors, root-level decoders, statically defined by platform firmware, and mid-level decoders, where interleave-granularity, interleave-width, and the target list are mutable.

struct cxl_root_decoder¶: Static platform CXL address decoder

Definition:

struct cxl_root_decoder {
    struct resource *res;
    atomic_t region_id;
    cxl_hpa_to_spa_fn hpa_to_spa;
    void *platform_data;
    struct mutex range_lock;
    int qos_class;
    struct cxl_switch_decoder cxlsd;
};

Members

res: host / parent resource for region allocations
region_id: region id for next region provisioning event
hpa_to_spa: translate CXL host-physical-address to Platform system-physical-address
platform_data: platform specific configuration data
range_lock: sync region autodiscovery by address range
qos_class: QoS performance class cookie
cxlsd: base cxl switch decoder

struct cxl_region_params¶: region settings

Definition:

struct cxl_region_params {
    enum cxl_config_state state;
    uuid_t uuid;
    int interleave_ways;
    int interleave_granularity;
    struct resource *res;
    struct cxl_endpoint_decoder *targets[CXL_DECODER_MAX_INTERLEAVE];
    int nr_targets;
};

Members

state: allow the driver to lockdown further parameter changes
uuid: unique id for persistent regions
interleave_ways: number of endpoints in the region
interleave_granularity: capacity each endpoint contributes to a stripe
res: allocated iomem capacity for this region
targets: active ordered targets in current decoder configuration
nr_targets: number of targets

Description

State transitions are protected by the cxl_region_rwsem

struct cxl_region¶: CXL region

Definition:

struct cxl_region {
    struct device dev;
    int id;
    enum cxl_decoder_mode mode;
    enum cxl_decoder_type type;
    struct cxl_nvdimm_bridge *cxl_nvb;
    struct cxl_pmem_region *cxlr_pmem;
    unsigned long flags;
    struct cxl_region_params params;
    struct access_coordinate coord[ACCESS_COORDINATE_MAX];
    struct notifier_block memory_notifier;
    struct notifier_block adist_notifier;
};

Members

dev: This region’s device
id: This region’s id. Id is globally unique across all regions
mode: Endpoint decoder allocation / access mode
type: Endpoint decoder target type
cxl_nvb: nvdimm bridge for coordinating cxlr_pmem setup / shutdown
cxlr_pmem: (for pmem regions) cached copy of the nvdimm bridge
flags: Region state flags
params: active + config params for the region
coord: QoS access coordinates for the region
memory_notifier: notifier for setting the access coordinates to node
adist_notifier: notifier for calculating the abstract distance of node

struct cxl_port¶: logical collection of upstream port devices and downstream port devices to construct a CXL memory decode hierarchy.

Definition:

struct cxl_port {
    struct device dev;
    struct device *uport_dev;
    struct device *host_bridge;
    int id;
    struct xarray dports;
    struct xarray endpoints;
    struct xarray regions;
    struct cxl_dport *parent_dport;
    struct ida decoder_ida;
    struct cxl_register_map reg_map;
    int nr_dports;
    int hdm_end;
    int commit_end;
    bool dead;
    unsigned int depth;
    struct cxl_cdat {
        void *table;
        size_t length;
    } cdat;
    bool cdat_available;
    long pci_latency;
};

Members

dev: this port’s device
uport_dev: PCI or platform device implementing the upstream port capability
host_bridge: Shortcut to the platform attach point for this port
id: id for port device-name
dports: cxl_dport instances referenced by decoders
endpoints: cxl_ep instances, endpoints that are a descendant of this port
regions: cxl_region_ref instances, regions mapped by this port
parent_dport: dport that points to this port in the parent
decoder_ida: allocator for decoder ids
reg_map: component and ras register mapping parameters
nr_dports: number of entries in dports
hdm_end: track last allocated HDM decoder instance for allocation ordering
commit_end: cursor to track highest committed decoder for commit ordering
dead: last ep has been removed, force port re-creation
depth: How deep this port is relative to the root. depth 0 is the root.
cdat: Cached CDAT data
cdat_available: Should a CDAT attribute be available in sysfs
pci_latency: Upstream latency in picoseconds

struct cxl_root¶: logical collection of root cxl_port items

Definition:

struct cxl_root {
    struct cxl_port port;
    const struct cxl_root_ops *ops;
};

Members

port: cxl_port member
ops: cxl root operations

struct cxl_dport¶: CXL downstream port

Definition:

struct cxl_dport {
    struct device *dport_dev;
    struct cxl_register_map reg_map;
    int port_id;
    struct cxl_rcrb_info rcrb;
    bool rch;
    struct cxl_port *port;
    struct cxl_regs regs;
    struct access_coordinate coord[ACCESS_COORDINATE_MAX];
    long link_latency;
};

Members

dport_dev: PCI bridge or firmware device representing the downstream link
reg_map: component and ras register mapping parameters
port_id: unique hardware identifier for dport in decoder target list
rcrb: Data about the Root Complex Register Block layout
rch: Indicate whether this dport was enumerated in RCH or VH mode
port: reference to cxl_port that contains this downstream port
regs: Dport parsed register blocks
coord: access coordinates (bandwidth and latency performance attributes)
link_latency: calculated PCIe downstream latency

struct cxl_ep¶: track an endpoint’s interest in a port

Definition:

struct cxl_ep {
    struct device *ep;
    struct cxl_dport *dport;
    struct cxl_port *next;
};

Members

ep: device that hosts a generic CXL endpoint (expander or accelerator)
dport: which dport routes to this endpoint on port
next: cxl switch port across the link attached to dport NULL if attached to an endpoint

struct cxl_region_ref¶: track a region’s interest in a port

Definition:

struct cxl_region_ref {
    struct cxl_port *port;
    struct cxl_decoder *decoder;
    struct cxl_region *region;
    struct xarray endpoints;
    int nr_targets_set;
    int nr_eps;
    int nr_targets;
};

Members

port: point in topology to install this reference
decoder: decoder assigned for region in port
region: region for this reference
endpoints: cxl_ep references for region members beneath port
nr_targets_set: track how many targets have been programmed during setup
nr_eps: number of endpoints beneath port
nr_targets: number of distinct targets needed to reach nr_eps

struct cxl_endpoint_dvsec_info¶: Cached DVSEC info

Definition:

struct cxl_endpoint_dvsec_info {
    bool mem_enabled;
    int ranges;
    struct cxl_port *port;
    struct range dvsec_range[2];
};

Members

mem_enabled: cached value of mem_enabled in the DVSEC at init time
ranges: Number of active HDM ranges this device uses.
port: endpoint port associated with this info instance
dvsec_range: cached attributes of the ranges in the DVSEC, PCIE_DEVICE

Compute Express Link Host Managed Device Memory, starting with the CXL 2.0 specification, is managed by an array of HDM Decoder register instances per CXL port and per CXL endpoint. Define common helpers for enumerating these registers and capabilities.

struct cxl_hdm *devm_cxl_setup_hdm(struct cxl_port *port, struct cxl_endpoint_dvsec_info *info)¶: map HDM decoder component registers

Parameters

struct cxl_port *port: cxl_port to map
struct cxl_endpoint_dvsec_info *info: cached DVSEC range register info

int devm_cxl_enumerate_decoders(struct cxl_hdm *cxlhdm, struct cxl_endpoint_dvsec_info *info)¶: add decoder objects per HDM register set

Parameters

struct cxl_hdm *cxlhdm: Structure to populate with HDM capabilities
struct cxl_endpoint_dvsec_info *info: cached DVSEC range register info

void cxl_coordinates_combine(struct access_coordinate *out, struct access_coordinate *c1, struct access_coordinate *c2)¶: Combine the two input coordinates

Parameters

struct access_coordinate *out: Output coordinate of c1 and c2 combined
struct access_coordinate *c1: input coordinates
struct access_coordinate *c2: input coordinates

The CXL core provides a set of interfaces that can be consumed by CXL aware drivers. The interfaces allow for creation, modification, and destruction of regions, memory devices, ports, and decoders. CXL aware drivers must register with the CXL core via these interfaces in order to be able to participate in cross-device interleave coordination. The CXL core also establishes and maintains the bridge to the nvdimm subsystem.

CXL core introduces sysfs hierarchy to control the devices that are instantiated by the core.

struct cxl_port *devm_cxl_add_port(struct device *host, struct device *uport_dev, resource_size_t component_reg_phys, struct cxl_dport *parent_dport)¶: register a cxl_port in CXL memory decode hierarchy

Parameters

struct device *host: host device for devm operations
struct device *uport_dev: “physical” device implementing this upstream port
resource_size_t component_reg_phys: (optional) for configurable cxl_port instances
struct cxl_dport *parent_dport: next hop up in the CXL memory decode hierarchy

struct cxl_dport *devm_cxl_add_dport(struct cxl_port *port, struct device *dport_dev, int port_id, resource_size_t component_reg_phys)¶: append VH downstream port data to a cxl_port

Parameters

struct cxl_port *port: the cxl_port that references this dport
struct device *dport_dev: firmware or PCI device representing the dport
int port_id: identifier for this dport in a decoder’s target list
resource_size_t component_reg_phys: optional location of CXL component registers

Description

Note that dports are appended to the devm release action’s of the either the port’s host (for root ports), or the port itself (for switch ports)

struct cxl_dport *devm_cxl_add_rch_dport(struct cxl_port *port, struct device *dport_dev, int port_id, resource_size_t rcrb)¶: append RCH downstream port data to a cxl_port

Parameters

struct cxl_port *port: the cxl_port that references this dport
struct device *dport_dev: firmware or PCI device representing the dport
int port_id: identifier for this dport in a decoder’s target list
resource_size_t rcrb: mandatory location of a Root Complex Register Block

Description

See CXL 3.0 9.11.8 CXL Devices Attached to an RCH

int cxl_add_ep(struct cxl_dport *dport, struct device *ep_dev)¶: register an endpoint’s interest in a port

Parameters

struct cxl_dport *dport: the dport that routes to ep_dev
struct device *ep_dev: device representing the endpoint

Description

Intermediate CXL ports are scanned based on the arrival of endpoints. When those endpoints depart the port can be destroyed once all endpoints that care about that port have been removed.

int cxl_decoder_init(struct cxl_port *port, struct cxl_decoder *cxld)¶: Common decoder setup / initialization

Parameters

struct cxl_port *port: owning port of this decoder
struct cxl_decoder *cxld: common decoder properties to initialize

Description

A port may contain one or more decoders. Each of those decoders enable some address space for CXL.mem utilization. A decoder is expected to be configured by the caller before registering via cxl_decoder_add()

struct cxl_root_decoder *cxl_root_decoder_alloc(struct cxl_port *port, unsigned int nr_targets)¶: Allocate a root level decoder

Parameters

struct cxl_port *port: owning CXL root of this decoder
unsigned int nr_targets: static number of downstream targets

Return

A new cxl decoder to be registered by cxl_decoder_add(). A ‘CXL root’ decoder is one that decodes from a top-level / static platform firmware description of CXL resources into a CXL standard decode topology.

struct cxl_switch_decoder *cxl_switch_decoder_alloc(struct cxl_port *port, unsigned int nr_targets)¶: Allocate a switch level decoder

Parameters

struct cxl_port *port: owning CXL switch port of this decoder
unsigned int nr_targets: max number of dynamically addressable downstream targets

Return

A new cxl decoder to be registered by cxl_decoder_add(). A ‘switch’ decoder is any decoder that can be enumerated by PCIe topology and the HDM Decoder Capability. This includes the decoders that sit between Switch Upstream Ports / Switch Downstream Ports and Host Bridges / Root Ports.

struct cxl_endpoint_decoder *cxl_endpoint_decoder_alloc(struct cxl_port *port)¶: Allocate an endpoint decoder

Parameters

struct cxl_port *port: owning port of this decoder

Return

A new cxl decoder to be registered by cxl_decoder_add()

int cxl_decoder_add_locked(struct cxl_decoder *cxld, int *target_map)¶: Add a decoder with targets

Parameters

struct cxl_decoder *cxld: The cxl decoder allocated by cxl_<type>_decoder_alloc()
int *target_map: A list of downstream ports that this decoder can direct memory traffic to. These numbers should correspond with the port number in the PCIe Link Capabilities structure.

Description

Certain types of decoders may not have any targets. The main example of this is an endpoint device. A more awkward example is a hostbridge whose root ports get hot added (technically possible, though unlikely).

This is the locked variant of cxl_decoder_add().

Context

Process context. Expects the device lock of the port that owns the cxld to be held.

Return

Negative error code if the decoder wasn’t properly configured; else: returns 0.

int cxl_decoder_add(struct cxl_decoder *cxld, int *target_map)¶: Add a decoder with targets

Parameters

struct cxl_decoder *cxld: The cxl decoder allocated by cxl_<type>_decoder_alloc()
int *target_map: A list of downstream ports that this decoder can direct memory traffic to. These numbers should correspond with the port number in the PCIe Link Capabilities structure.

Description

This is the unlocked variant of cxl_decoder_add_locked(). See cxl_decoder_add_locked().

Context

Process context. Takes and releases the device lock of the port that owns the cxld.

int __cxl_driver_register(struct cxl_driver *cxl_drv, struct module *owner, const char *modname)¶: register a driver for the cxl bus

Parameters

struct cxl_driver *cxl_drv: cxl driver structure to attach
struct module *owner: owning module/driver
const char *modname: KBUILD_MODNAME for parent driver

int cxl_endpoint_get_perf_coordinates(struct cxl_port *port, struct access_coordinate *coord)¶: Retrieve performance numbers stored in dports of CXL path

Parameters

struct cxl_port *port: endpoint cxl_port
struct access_coordinate *coord: output performance data

Return

errno on failure, 0 on success.

Compute Express Link protocols are layered on top of PCIe. CXL core provides a set of helpers for CXL interactions which occur via PCIe.

int devm_cxl_port_enumerate_dports(struct cxl_port *port)¶: enumerate downstream ports of the upstream port

Parameters

struct cxl_port *port: cxl_port whose ->uport_dev is the upstream of dports to be enumerated

Description

Returns a positive number of dports enumerated or a negative error code.

int cxl_hdm_decode_init(struct cxl_dev_state *cxlds, struct cxl_hdm *cxlhdm, struct cxl_endpoint_dvsec_info *info)¶: Setup HDM decoding for the endpoint

Parameters

struct cxl_dev_state *cxlds: Device state
struct cxl_hdm *cxlhdm: Mapped HDM decoder Capability
struct cxl_endpoint_dvsec_info *info: Cached DVSEC range registers info

Description

Try to enable the endpoint’s HDM Decoder Capability

void read_cdat_data(struct cxl_port *port)¶: Read the CDAT data on this port

Parameters

struct cxl_port *port: Port to read data from

Description

This call will sleep waiting for responses from the DOE mailbox.

long cxl_pci_get_latency(struct pci_dev *pdev)¶: calculate the link latency for the PCIe link

Parameters

struct pci_dev *pdev: PCI device

Return

calculated latency or 0 for no latency

Description

CXL Memory Device SW Guide v1.0 2.11.4 Link latency calculation Link latency = LinkPropagationLatency + FlitLatency + RetimerLatency LinkProgationLatency is negligible, so 0 will be used RetimerLatency is assumed to be negligible and 0 will be used FlitLatency = FlitSize / LinkBandwidth FlitSize is defined by spec. CXL rev3.0 4.2.1. 68B flit is used up to 32GT/s. >32GT/s, 256B flit size is used. The FlitLatency is converted to picoseconds.

The core CXL PMEM infrastructure supports persistent memory provisioning and serves as a bridge to the LIBNVDIMM subsystem. A CXL ‘bridge’ device is added at the root of a CXL device topology if platform firmware advertises at least one persistent memory capable CXL window. That root-level bridge corresponds to a LIBNVDIMM ‘bus’ device. Then for each cxl_memdev in the CXL device topology a bridge device is added to host a LIBNVDIMM dimm object. When these bridges are registered native LIBNVDIMM uapis are translated to CXL operations, for example, namespace label access commands.

CXL device capabilities are enumerated by PCI DVSEC (Designated Vendor-specific) and / or descriptors provided by platform firmware. They can be defined as a set like the device and component registers mandated by CXL Section 8.1.12.2 Memory Device PCIe Capabilities and Extended Capabilities, or they can be individual capabilities appended to bridged and endpoint devices.

Provide common infrastructure for enumerating and mapping these discrete capabilities.

Core implementation of the CXL 2.0 Type-3 Memory Device Mailbox. The implementation is used by the cxl_pci driver to initialize the device and implement the cxl_mem.h IOCTL UAPI. It also implements the backend of the cxl_pmem_ctl() transport for LIBNVDIMM.

CXL Regions¶

CXL Regions represent mapped memory capacity in system physical address space. Whereas the CXL Root Decoders identify the bounds of potential CXL Memory ranges, Regions represent the active mapped capacity by the HDM Decoder Capability structures throughout the Host Bridges, Switches, and Endpoints in the topology.

Region configuration has ordering constraints. UUID may be set at any time but is only visible for persistent regions. 1. Interleave granularity 2. Interleave size 3. Decoder targets

int cxl_port_attach_region(struct cxl_port *port, struct cxl_region *cxlr, struct cxl_endpoint_decoder *cxled, int pos)¶: track a region’s interest in a port by endpoint

Parameters

struct cxl_port *port: port to add a new region reference ‘struct cxl_region_ref’
struct cxl_region *cxlr: region to attach to port
struct cxl_endpoint_decoder *cxled: endpoint decoder used to create or further pin a region reference
int pos: interleave position of cxled in cxlr

Description

The attach event is an opportunity to validate CXL decode setup constraints and record metadata needed for programming HDM decoders, in particular decoder target lists.

The steps are:

validate that there are no other regions with a higher HPA already associated with port
establish a region reference if one is not already present
- additionally allocate a decoder instance that will host cxlr on port
pin the region reference by the endpoint
account for how many entries in port’s target list are needed to cover all of the added endpoints.

int cxl_calc_interleave_pos(struct cxl_endpoint_decoder *cxled)¶: calculate an endpoint position in a region

Parameters

struct cxl_endpoint_decoder *cxled: endpoint decoder member of given region

Description

The endpoint position is calculated by traversing the topology from the endpoint to the root decoder and iteratively applying this calculation:

position = position * parent_ways + parent_pos;

...where position is inferred from switch and root decoder target lists.

Return

position >= 0 on success: -ENXIO on failure

struct cxl_region *devm_cxl_add_region(struct cxl_root_decoder *cxlrd, int id, enum cxl_decoder_mode mode, enum cxl_decoder_type type)¶: Adds a region to a decoder

Parameters

struct cxl_root_decoder *cxlrd: root decoder
int id: memregion id to create, or memregion_free() on failure
enum cxl_decoder_mode mode: mode for the endpoint decoders of this region
enum cxl_decoder_type type: select whether this is an expander or accelerator (type-2 or type-3)

Description

This is the second step of region initialization. Regions exist within an address space which is mapped by a cxlrd.

Return

0 if the region was added to the cxlrd, else returns negative error code. The region will be named “regionZ” where Z is the unique region number.

int devm_cxl_add_pmem_region(struct cxl_region *cxlr)¶: add a cxl_region-to-nd_region bridge

Parameters

struct cxl_region *cxlr: parent CXL region for this pmem region bridge device

Return

0 on success negative error code on failure.

External Interfaces¶

CXL IOCTL Interface¶

Not all of the commands that the driver supports are available for use by userspace at all times. Userspace can check the result of the QUERY command to determine the live set of commands. Alternatively, it can issue the command and check for failure.

struct cxl_command_info¶: Command information returned from a query.

Definition:

struct cxl_command_info {
    __u32 id;
    __u32 flags;
#define CXL_MEM_COMMAND_FLAG_MASK               GENMASK(1, 0);
#define CXL_MEM_COMMAND_FLAG_ENABLED            BIT(0);
#define CXL_MEM_COMMAND_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE          BIT(1);
    __u32 size_in;
    __u32 size_out;
};

Members

id

ID number for the command.

flags

Flags that specify command behavior.

CXL_MEM_COMMAND_FLAG_USER_ENABLED

The given command id is supported by the driver and is supported by a related opcode on the device.

CXL_MEM_COMMAND_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE

Requests with the given command id will terminate with EBUSY as the kernel actively owns management of the given resource. For example, the label-storage-area can not be written while the kernel is actively managing that space.

size_in

Expected input size, or ~0 if variable length.

size_out

Expected output size, or ~0 if variable length.

Description

Represents a single command that is supported by both the driver and the hardware. This is returned as part of an array from the query ioctl. The following would be a command that takes a variable length input and returns 0 bytes of output.

id = 10

flags = CXL_MEM_COMMAND_FLAG_ENABLED

size_in = ~0

size_out = 0

See struct cxl_mem_query_commands.

struct cxl_mem_query_commands¶: Query supported commands.

Definition:

struct cxl_mem_query_commands {
    __u32 n_commands;
    __u32 rsvd;
    struct cxl_command_info __user commands[];
};

Members

n_commands: In/out parameter. When n_commands is > 0, the driver will return min(num_support_commands, n_commands). When n_commands is 0, driver will return the number of total supported commands.
rsvd: Reserved for future use.
commands: Output array of supported commands. This array must be allocated by userspace to be at least min(num_support_commands, n_commands)

Description

Allow userspace to query the available commands supported by both the driver, and the hardware. Commands that aren’t supported by either the driver, or the hardware are not returned in the query.

Examples

{ .n_commands = 0 } // Get number of supported commands

{ .n_commands = 15, .commands = buf } // Return first 15 (or less) supported commands

See struct cxl_command_info.

struct cxl_send_command¶: Send a command to a memory device.

Definition:

struct cxl_send_command {
    __u32 id;
    __u32 flags;
    union {
        struct {
            __u16 opcode;
            __u16 rsvd;
        } raw;
        __u32 rsvd;
    };
    __u32 retval;
    struct {
        __u32 size;
        __u32 rsvd;
        __u64 payload;
    } in;
    struct {
        __u32 size;
        __u32 rsvd;
        __u64 payload;
    } out;
};

Members

id: The command to send to the memory device. This must be one of the commands returned by the query command.
flags: Flags for the command (input).
{unnamed_union}: anonymous
raw: Special fields for raw commands
raw.opcode: Opcode passed to hardware when using the RAW command.
raw.rsvd: Must be zero.
rsvd: Must be zero.
retval: Return value from the memory device (output).
in: Parameters associated with input payload.
in.size: Size of the payload to provide to the device (input).
in.rsvd: Must be zero.
in.payload: Pointer to memory for payload input, payload is little endian.
out: Parameters associated with output payload.
out.size: Size of the payload received from the device (input/output). This field is filled in by userspace to let the driver know how much space was allocated for output. It is populated by the driver to let userspace know how large the output payload actually was.
out.rsvd: Must be zero.
out.payload: Pointer to memory for payload output, payload is little endian.

Description

Mechanism for userspace to send a command to the hardware for processing. The driver will do basic validation on the command sizes. In some cases even the payload may be introspected. Userspace is required to allocate large enough buffers for size_out which can be variable length in certain situations.

The Linux Kernel

Contents

This Page

Compute Express Link Memory Devices¶

CXL Bus: Theory of Operation¶

Driver Infrastructure¶

CXL Memory Device¶

CXL Port¶

CXL Core¶

CXL Regions¶

External Interfaces¶

CXL IOCTL Interface¶