systemd-resolved

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systemd-resolved is a systemd service that provides network name resolution to local applications via a D-Bus interface, the resolve NSS service (nss-resolve(8)), and a local DNS stub listener on 127.0.0.53. See systemd-resolved(8) for the usage.

Installation

systemd-resolved is a part of the systemd package that is installed by default.

Configuration

systemd-resolved provides resolver services for Domain Name System (DNS) (including DNSSEC and DNS over TLS), Multicast DNS (mDNS) and Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR).

The resolver can be configured by editing /etc/systemd/resolved.conf and/or drop-in .conf files in /etc/systemd/resolved.conf.d/. See resolved.conf(5).

To use systemd-resolved start and enable systemd-resolved.service.

Tip: To understand the context around the choices and switches, one can turn on detailed debug information for systemd-resolved as described in systemd#Diagnosing a service.

DNS

Software that relies on glibc's getaddrinfo(3) (or similar) will work out of the box, since, by default, /etc/nsswitch.conf is configured to use nss-resolve(8) if it is available.

To provide domain name resolution for software that reads /etc/resolv.conf directly, such as web browsers, Go and GnuPG, systemd-resolved has four different modes for handling the file—stub, static, uplink and foreign. They are described in systemd-resolved(8) § /ETC/RESOLV.CONF. We will focus here only on the recommended mode, i.e. the stub mode which uses /run/systemd/resolve/stub-resolv.conf.

/run/systemd/resolve/stub-resolv.conf contains the local stub 127.0.0.53 as the only DNS server and a list of search domains. This is the recommended mode of operation that propagates the systemd-resolved managed configuration to all clients. To use it, replace /etc/resolv.conf with a symbolic link to it: 

# ln -sf ../run/systemd/resolve/stub-resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf
Note:
  • The target path with ../ at the start is relative to the link location, not to the current directory.
  • Failure to properly configure /etc/resolv.conf will result in broken DNS resolution.
  • Creating the /etc/resolv.conf symlink will not be possible while inside arch-chroot, since the file is bind-mounted from the outside system. Instead, create the symlink from outside the chroot. E.g. 
    # ln -sf ../run/systemd/resolve/stub-resolv.conf /mnt/etc/resolv.conf

Setting DNS servers

Tip: To check the DNS currently in use by systemd-resolved, run resolvectl status.
Automatically

systemd-resolved will work out of the box with a network manager using /etc/resolv.conf. No particular configuration is required since systemd-resolved will be detected by following the /etc/resolv.conf symlink. This is going to be the case with systemd-networkd, NetworkManager, and iwd.

However, if the DHCP and VPN clients use the resolvconf program to set name servers and search domains (see openresolv#Users for a list of software that use resolvconf), the additional package systemd-resolvconf is needed to provide the /usr/bin/resolvconf symlink.

Note:
Manually

In stub and static modes, custom DNS server(s) can be set in the resolved.conf(5) file: 

/etc/systemd/resolved.conf.d/dns_servers.conf
[Resolve]
DNS=192.168.35.1 fd7b:d0bd:7a6e::1
Domains=~.
Note:
  • Without the Domains=~. option in resolved.conf(5), systemd-resolved might use the per-link DNS servers, if any of them set Domains=~. in the per-link configuration.
  • This option will not affect queries of domain names that match the more specific search domains specified in per-link configuration, they will still be resolved using their respective per-link DNS servers.

For more information on per-link configuration see systemd-networkd#network files.

Fallback

If systemd-resolved does not receive DNS server addresses from the network manager and no DNS servers are configured manually then systemd-resolved falls back to the fallback DNS addresses to ensure that DNS resolution always works.

Note: The fallback DNS are in this order: Cloudflare, Quad9 and Google. See the systemd PKGBUILD where the servers are defined.

The addresses can be changed by setting FallbackDNS in resolved.conf(5). E.g.: 

/etc/systemd/resolved.conf.d/fallback_dns.conf
[Resolve]
FallbackDNS=127.0.0.1 ::1

To disable the fallback DNS functionality set the FallbackDNS option without specifying any addresses: 

/etc/systemd/resolved.conf.d/fallback_dns.conf
[Resolve]
FallbackDNS=

DNSSEC

Warning: DNSSEC support in systemd-resolved is considered experimental and incomplete as of Jun 2023. [1] Because of this, systemd is built with DNSSEC validation disabled by default.

DNSSEC validation can be enabled by changing DNSSEC setting in resolved.conf(5).

  • Set DNSSEC=allow-downgrade to validate DNSSEC only if the upstream DNS server supports it.
  • Set DNSSEC=true to always validate DNSSEC, thus breaking DNS resolution with name servers that do not support it. For example:
/etc/systemd/resolved.conf.d/dnssec.conf
[Resolve]
DNSSEC=true

Test DNSSEC validation by querying a domain with a invalid signature: 

$ resolvectl query badsig.go.dnscheck.tools
badsig.go.dnscheck.tools: resolve call failed: DNSSEC validation failed: invalid

Now test a domain with valid signature: 

$ resolvectl query go.dnscheck.tools
go.dnscheck.tools: 2604:a880:400:d0::256e:b001 -- link: enp2s0
                   142.93.10.179               -- link: enp2s0

-- Information acquired via protocol DNS in 122.2ms.
-- Data is authenticated: yes; Data was acquired via local or encrypted transport: no
-- Data from: network

DNS over TLS

DNS over TLS is disabled by default. To enable it change the DNSOverTLS setting in the [Resolve] section in resolved.conf(5). To enable validation of your DNS provider's server certificate, include their hostname in the DNS setting in the format ip_address#hostname. For example: 

/etc/systemd/resolved.conf.d/dns_over_tls.conf
[Resolve]
DNS=9.9.9.9#dns.quad9.net
DNSOverTLS=yes
Note:
  • With DNSOverTLS=yes, the DNS server used must support DNS over TLS. Otherwise all DNS requests will fail.
  • Alternatively, it is possible to use DNS over TLS only if the server supports it with DNSOverTLS=opportunistic. If the used DNS server does not support DNS over TLS, systemd-resolved will fall back to regular unencrypted DNS.

ngrep can be used to test if DNS over TLS is working since DNS over TLS always uses port 853 and never port 53. The command ngrep port 53 should produce no output when a hostname is resolved with DNS over TLS and ngrep port 853 should produce encrypted output.

Wireshark can be used for more detailed packet inspection of DNS over TLS queries.

Additional listening interfaces

systemd-resolved answers DNS requests to local applications via loopback interface per default. To make systemd-resolved answer DNS requests on additional interfaces or addresses than the default one, set the option DNSStubListenerExtra for every additional interface in resolved.conf(5). For example: 

/etc/systemd/resolved.conf.d/additional-listening-interfaces.conf
[Resolve]
DNSStubListenerExtra=192.168.10.10
DNSStubListenerExtra=2001:db8:0:f102::10
DNSStubListenerExtra=192.168.10.11:9953
Tip: This is useful, when using systemd-resolved on a router which acts as a DNS server.

mDNS

systemd-resolved is capable of working as a multicast DNS resolver and responder.

The resolver provides hostname resolution using a "hostname.local" naming scheme.

mDNS will only be activated for a connection if both systemd-resolved's mDNS support is enabled, and if the configuration for the currently active network manager enables mDNS for the connection.

systemd-resolved's mDNS support is enabled by default. It can be disabled by its MulticastDNS setting (see resolved.conf(5) § OPTIONS).

Enabling per-connection mDNS support depends on the network manager:

  • For systemd-networkd, set the MulticastDNS setting in the [Network] section of a per-connection settings file. You may also have to set Multicast=yes in the [Link] section. See systemd.network(5).
  • For NetworkManager, set mdns in the [connection] section of the connection's settings file. Running nmcli connection modify interface_name connection.mdns {yes|no|resolve} will do that for you. See nm-settings(5).
Note:
  • If Avahi has been installed, consider disabling or masking avahi-daemon.service and avahi-daemon.socket to prevent conflicts with systemd-resolved.
  • If you plan to use mDNS and a firewall, make sure to open UDP port 5353.
Tip: The default for all NetworkManager connections can be set by creating a configuration file in /etc/NetworkManager/conf.d/ and setting connection.mdns=2 in the [connection] section. See NetworkManager.conf(5) § CONNECTION SECTION and [2].

LLMNR

Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution is a hostname resolution protocol created by Microsoft.

LLMNR will only be activated for the connection if both the systemd-resolved's global setting (LLMNR in resolved.conf(5) § OPTIONS) and the network manager's per-connection setting is enabled. By default systemd-resolved enables LLMNR responder; systemd-networkd and NetworkManager[3] enable it for connections.

Tip: The default for all NetworkManager connections can be set by creating a configuration file in /etc/NetworkManager/conf.d/ and setting connection.llmnr in the [connection] section. See NetworkManager.conf(5) § CONNECTION SECTION.

If you plan to use LLMNR and use a firewall, make sure to open UDP and TCP ports 5355.

Lookup

To query DNS records, mDNS or LLMNR hosts you can use the resolvectl utility.

For example, to query a DNS record: 

$ resolvectl query archlinux.org
archlinux.org: 2a01:4f8:172:1d86::1
               138.201.81.199

-- Information acquired via protocol DNS in 48.4ms.
-- Data is authenticated: no

Troubleshooting

systemd-resolved not searching the local domain

systemd-resolved may not search the local domain when given just the hostname, even when UseDomains=yes or Domains=[domain-list] is present in the appropriate systemd-networkd's .network file, and that file produces the expected search [domain-list] in resolv.conf. You can run networkctl status or resolvectl status to check if the search domains are actually being picked up.

Possible workarounds:

  • Disable LLMNR to let systemd-resolved immediately continue with appending the DNS suffixes
  • Trim /etc/nsswitch.conf's hosts database (e.g., by removing [!UNAVAIL=return] option after resolve service)
  • Switch to using fully-qualified domain names
  • Use /etc/hosts to resolve hostnames
  • Fall back to using glibc's dns instead of using systemd's resolve

systemd-resolved does not resolve hostnames without suffix

To make systemd-resolved resolve hostnames that are not fully qualified domain names, add ResolveUnicastSingleLabel=yes to /etc/systemd/resolved.conf.

Warning: This will forward single-label names to global DNS servers which may not be under your control. This behaviour is not standard-conformant and may create a privacy and security risk. See resolved.conf(5) for details.

This only seems to work with LLMNR disabled (LLMNR=no).

If you are using systemd-networkd, you might want the domain supplied by the DHCP server or IPv6 Router Advertisement to be used as a search domain. This is disabled by default, to enable it add to the interface's .network file: 

[Network]
UseDomains=true

You can check what systemd-resolved has for each interface with: 

$ resolvectl domain

See also