Patching packages

From ArchWiki

Related articles

This article covers how to create and how to apply patches to packages in the Arch build system (ABS).

A patch describes a set of line changes for one or multiple files. Patches are typically used to automate the changing of source code.

Creating patches

Note: If you only need to change one or two lines, you might want to use sed instead.

The diff tool compares files line by line. If you save its output you have a patch, e.g. diff --unified --recursive --text foo bar > foobar.patch (which can be shortened to diff -ura). If you pass directories diff will compare the files they contain.

  1. Delete the src directory if you have already built the package.
  2. Run makepkg --nobuild/makepkg -o which will download and extract the source files, specified in PKGBUILD, but not build them. If the system you are making the patch on does not have the required dependencies, you may have to run makepkg --nobuild --nodeps/makepkg -od instead.
  3. Create two copies of the extracted directory in the src directory, one as a pristine copy and one for your altered version. We will call them package.orig and package.new.
  4. Make your changes in the package.new directory.
  5. Run diff -ura package.orig package.new --color and check if the patch looks good.
  6. Run diff -ura package.orig package.new > package.patch to create the patch.
  7. Change into the initial package.orig directory from which you made copies and apply the patch using patch --strip=1 --input=../package.patch (which can be shortened to patch -p1 -i ../package.patch). Verify that the patch is working by building and installing the modified package with makepkg --noextract --install/makepkg -ei.
Note: You can also create patches with Git using git diff or git format-patch [1].

See diff(1) and git-diff(1) for more info.

Tip: Most git hosting platforms (such as GitHub or GitLab) allow to generate patches for a specific commit or a specific merge/pull request by appending .patch to their URL. For GitHub, consider also adding a ?full_index=1 parameter at the end of the URL to avoid checksum mismatches due to future changes to the object hash length.

Applying patches

This section outlines how to apply patches you created or downloaded from the Internet from within a PKGBUILD's prepare() function. Follow these steps:

  1. Add an entry to the source array of the PKGBUILD for the patch file, separated from the original source url by a space. If the file is available online, you can provide the full URL and it will automatically be downloaded and placed in the src directory. If it is a patch you created yourself, or is otherwise not available, you should place the patch file in the same directory as the PKGBUILD file, and just add the name of the file to the source array so that it is copied into the src directory. If you redistribute the PKGBUILD, you should, of course, include the patch with the PKGBUILD.
  2. Then use makepkg -g >> PKGBUILD or updpkgsums (from pacman-contrib) to update the sha512sums array. Or manually add an entry to the sha512sums array; you can generate the sum of your patch using sha512sum tool.
  3. Create the prepare() function in the PKGBUILD if one is not already present.
  4. The first step is to change into the directory that needs to be patched (in the prepare() function, not on your terminal! You want to automate the process of applying the patch). You can do this with something like cd $pkgname-$pkgver. $pkgname-$pkgver is often the name of a directory created by untarring a downloaded source file, but not in all cases.
  5. Now you simply need to apply the patch from within this directory. This is very simply done by adding patch -p1 -i pkgname.patch to your prepare() function, changing pkgname.patch to the name of the file containing the diff (the file that was automatically copied into your src directory because it was in the source array of the PKGBUILD file).

An example prepare-function: 

prepare() {
    cd $pkgname-$pkgver
    patch -Np1 -i ../eject.patch
}

Alternatively, you can use the --directory/-d flag of patch without having to cd first. The example above would then become: 

prepare() {
    patch -d $pkgname-$pkgver -Np1 -i ../eject.patch
}

Run makepkg from the terminal now. If all goes well, the patch will be automatically applied, and your new package will contain whatever changes were included in the patch. If not, you may have to experiment with the --strip/-p option of patch. While experimenting, you might find --dry-run, --reverse or --verbose options usable. Read patch(1) for more information.

Basically it works as follows. If the diff file was created to apply patches to files in myversion/, the diff files will be applied to myversion/file. You are running it from within the yourversion/ directory (because you would cd into that directory in the PKGBUILD), so when patch applies the file, you want it to apply it to the file file, taking off the myversion/ part. -p1 does this, by removing one directory from the path. However, if the developer patched in myfiles/myversion, you need to remove two directories, so you use -p2.

If you do not apply a -p option, it will take off all directory structure. This is OK if all the files are in the base directory, but if the patch was created on myversion/ and one of the edited files was myversion/src/file, and you run the patch without a -p option from within yourversion, it will try to patch a file named yourversion/file.

Most developers create patches from the parent directory of the directory that is being patched, so -p1 will usually be right.

Using quilt

A simpler way to create patches is using quilt which provides better support for managing many patches, such as applying patches, refreshing patches, and reverting patched files to original state. quilt is used on Debian to manage their patches. See Using Quilt for basic information about basic quilt usage to generate, apply patches, and reverting patched files.

See also