File recovery

Related articles

• /Post recovery tasks#Photorec

This article lists data recovery and undeletion options for Linux.

Special notes

Before you start

This page is mostly intended to be used for educational purposes. If you have accidentally deleted or otherwise damaged your valuable and irreplaceable data and have no previous experience with data recovery, turn off your computer immediately (Just press and hold the off button or pull the plug; do not use the system shutdown function) and seek professional help.

Warning: It is quite possible and even probable that, if you follow any of the steps described below without fully understanding them, you will worsen your situation.

Failing drives

In the area of data recovery, it is best to work on images of disks rather than physical disks themselves. Generally, a failing drive's condition worsens over time. The goal ought to be to first rescue as much data as possible as early as possible in the failure of the disk and to then abandon the disk. The ddrescue and dd_rescue utilities, unlike dd, will repeatedly try to recover from errors and will read the drive front to back, then back to front, attempting to salvage data. They keep log files so that recovery can be paused and resumed without losing progress.

See Disk cloning.

The image files created from a utility like ddrescue can then be mounted like a physical device and can be worked on safely. Always make a copy of the original image so that you can revert if things go sour!

A tried and true method of improving failing drive reads is to keep the drive cold. A bit of time in the freezer is appropriate, but be careful to avoid bringing the drive from cold to warm too quickly, as condensation will form. Keeping the drive in the freezer with cables connected to the recovering PC works great.

Do not attempt a filesystem check on a failing drive, as this will likely make the problem worse. Mount it read-only.

Backup flash media/small partitions

As an alternative to working with a 'live' partition (mounted or not), it is often preferable to work with an image, provided that the filesystem in question is not too large and that you have sufficient free HDD space to accommodate the image file. For example, flash memory devices like thumb drives, digital cameras, portable music players, cellular phones, etc. are likely to be small enough to image in many cases.

Be sure to read the man pages for the utilities listed below to verify that they are capable of working with image files.

To make an image, one can use dd as follows:

# dd if=/dev/target_partition of=/home/user/partition.image

Working with digital cameras

In order for some of the utilities listed in the next section to work with flash media, the device in question needs to be mounted as a block device (i.e., listed under /dev). Digital cameras operating in PTP (Picture Transfer Protocol) mode will not work in this regard. PTP cameras are transparently handled by libgphoto and/or libptp. In this case, "transparently" means that PTP devices do not get block devices. The alternative to PTP mode, USB Mass Storage (UMS) mode, is not supported by all cameras. Some cameras have a menu item that allows switching between the two modes; refer to your camera's user manual. If your camera does not support UMS mode and therefore cannot be accessed as a block device, your only alternative is to use a flash media reader and physically remove the storage media from your camera.

List of utilities

See also Wikipedia:List of data recovery software#File Recovery

• ddrutility — Compliment to GNU ddrescue. Find what files are related to the bad sectors and some special tools for NTFS. No longer actively supported.

https://sourceforge.net/projects/ddrutility/ || ddrutility^AUR

• dvdisaster — Additional error protection for CD/DVD media.

https://sourceforge.net/projects/dvdisaster/ || dvdisaster^AUR

• ext4magic — recover deleted or overwritten files on ext3 and ext4 filesystems.

https://sourceforge.net/projects/ext4magic/ || ext4magic

• Foremost — Console program to recover files based on their headers, footers, and internal data structures. This process is commonly referred to as data carving. The headers and footers can be specified by a configuration file or command line switches can be used to specify built-in file types.

https://foremost.sourceforge.net/ || foremost

• PhotoRec — File data recovery software designed to recover lost files including video, documents and archives from hard disks, CD-ROMs, and lost pictures (thus the Photo Recovery name) from digital camera memory.

https://www.cgsecurity.org/ || testdisk

• Scalpel — File carving and indexing application originally based on Foremost, although significantly more efficient. It allows an examiner to specify a number of headers and footers to recover filetypes from a piece of media.

https://github.com/sleuthkit/scalpel || scalpel-git^AUR

• TestDisk — Data recovery software primarily designed to help recover lost partitions and/or make non-booting disks bootable again when these symptoms are caused by faulty software: certain types of viruses or human error (such as accidentally deleting a Partition Table).

https://www.cgsecurity.org/ || testdisk

• xfs_undelete — Traverses the inode B+trees of each allocation group and tries to recover all files on an XFS filesystem marked as deleted.

https://github.com/ianka/xfs_undelete || xfs_undelete-git^AUR

Ext4Magic

ext4magic is a recovery tool for the ext3 and ext4 file system.

If you erroneously deleted some files/folders, do not turn off your computer. For best results (actually, for decent results) you must save the ext4 journal somewhere.

Immediately open a terminal and dump a copy of the filesystem journal:

# debugfs -R "dump <8> /some/safe/path/sdXY.journal" /dev/sdXY

Depending on whether the deleted files are on your root partition, you will want to save the journal to different locations: for root partitions, mount an external drive and dump the journal there; for non-root partitions, any other partition will do. Avoid saving to /tmp, because your data may be cleaned up.

If the deleted files are on your root partition, you should turn off the computer after saving the journal. Do so by holding the power button until it turns off, because this prevents additional writes to the disk. Proceed with the process from the Arch bootable media. Otherwise, you may proceed with your booted system, after unmounting the affected partition (sudo umount /dev/sdXY or sudo umount /home, for example).

To list the recoverable files:

# ext4magic /dev/sdXY -a "$(date -d "-2hours" +%s)" -f deleted/folders/root -j /some/safe/path/sdXY.journal -l

• -a applies a filter so that only files deleted after a certain Unix epoch are shown; in this example, it's set at the last 2 hours. If you are running from Arch bootable media, you may want to change the timezone (export TZ="Europe/Berlin") before using absolute times. If not specified, the default is the last 24h.
• -f indicates that ext4magic should only list files in a certain subfolder. This path is relative to the partition root.
• -j indicates that ext4magic should use specific backup of the journal; otherwise it uses the regular system journal, which does not contain record of deletion if you have restarted your computer.
• -l lists the deleted files

Files are listed with their recoverability percentage in the first column.

To actually recover all files with 100% recoverability, run this command:

# ext4magic /dev/sdXY -a "$(date -d "-2hours" +%s)" -f deleted/folders/root -j /some/safe/path/sdXY.journal -d /recovery/path -r

• -d indicates the target where the recovered files will be stored
• -r indicates that only files with 100% recoverability should be recovered; -m will try to recover more files, but will take longer.

If you are missing the journal backup you may still try to recover your files, but expect poor results.

To recover all files, deleted in the last 24 hours:

# ext4magic /dev/sdXY -r

To recover a directory or file:

# ext4magic /dev/sdXY -f path/to/lost/file -r

The lowercase r flag -r will only recover complete files, that were not overwritten. To also recover broken files, that were partially overwritten, use the uppercase R flag -R. This will also restore not-deleted files and empty directories.

The default destination is ./RECOVERDIR which can be changed by adding the option -d path/to/dest/dir.

If a file exists in the destination directory, the new file is renamed with a trailing hash sign #.

To recover files deleted after 'five days ago':

# ext4magic /dev/sdXY -f path/to/lost/file -a $(date -d -5days +%s) -r

To use a file list:

# ext4magic /dev/sdXY -f path/to/lost/file -Lx | grep -a ^--- >recovery-files-big.txt
# ext4magic /dev/sdXY -i recovery-files-big.txt -R

# ext4magic /dev/sdXY -f path/to/lost/file -lx | grep -a '^  100%' >recovery-files-small.txt
# ext4magic /dev/sdXY -i recovery-files-small.txt -r

The difference between the uppercase L flag -L and the lowercase L flag -l is the same as between the two r flags -R and -r (see above).

Use grep -a to preserve binary file names.

Using a file list allows to filter the files, for example by file extension:

# cat recovery-files-big.txt | grep -a '\.jpg"$' >recovery-files-big-jpg.txt

... or to split the file list:

# cat recovery-files-big.txt | split -l 100 - recovery-files-big-100-each-

TestDisk and PhotoRec

TestDisk and Photorec are both open-source data recovery utilities licensed under the terms of the GNU Public License (GPL).

TestDisk is primarily designed to help recover lost partitions and/or make non-booting disks bootable again when these symptoms are caused by faulty software, certain types of viruses, or human error, such as the accidental deletion of partition tables. TestDisk detects numerous filesystem including NTFS, FAT12, FAT16, FAT32, exFAT, ext2, ext3, ext4, btrfs, BeFS, CramFS, HFS, JFS, Linux Raid, Linux Swap, LVM, LVM2, NSS, ReiserFS, UFS, XFS. It can also undelete files from FAT, NTFS, exFAT and ext2 filesystem.

TestDisk allows to fix partition tables, recover deleted partitions, recover FAT32 boot sector from its backup, rebuild FAT12/FAT16/FAT32 boot sectors, fix FAT tables, rebuild NTFS boot sector and more.

PhotoRec is file recovery software designed to recover lost files including photographs (Hint: PhotographRecovery), videos, documents, archives from hard disks and CD-ROMs. PhotoRec ignores the filesystem and goes after the underlying data, so it will still work even with a re-formatted or severely damaged filesystems and/or partition tables.

Installation

Install the testdisk package, which provides both TestDisk and PhotoRec.

Usage

After running e.g. ddrescue to create image.img, photorec image.img will open a terminal UI where you can select what file types to search for and where to put the recovered files. There is very good documentation on their wiki.

Files recovered by photorec

The photorec utility stores recovered files with a random names(for most of the files) under a numbered directories, e.g. ./recup_dir.1/f872690288.jpg, ./recup_dir.1/f864563104_wmclockmon-0.1.0.tar.gz.

See also

• How to get the original filenames: PhotoRec FAQ
• How to add your own custom file signature: CGSecurity Wiki
• Wiki (TestDisk): https://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk
• Wiki (Photorec): https://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/PhotoRec
• Homepage: https://www.cgsecurity.org/

e2fsck

e2fsck is the ext2/ext3 filesystem checker included in the base install of Arch. e2fsck relies on a valid superblock. A superblock is a description of the entire filesystem's parameters. Because this data is so important, several copies of the superblock are distributed throughout the partition. With the -b option, e2fsck can take an alternate superblock argument; this is useful if the main, first superblock is damaged.

To determine where the superblocks are, run dumpe2fs -h on the target, unmounted partition. Superblocks are spaced differently depending on the filesystem's blocksize, which is set when the filesystem is created.

An alternate method to determine the locations of superblocks is to use the -n option with mke2fs. Be sure to use the -n flag, which, according to mke2fs(8), "Causes mke2fs to not actually create a filesystem, but display what it would do if it were to create a filesystem. This can be used to determine the location of the backup superblocks for a particular filesystem, so long as the mke2fs parameters that were passed when the filesystem was originally created are used again. (With the -n option added, of course!)".

Installation

Both e2fsck and dumpe2fs are included in the base Arch install as part of e2fsprogs.

See also e2fsck(8) and dumpe2fs(8).

Working with raw disk images

If you have backed up a drive using ddrescue or dd and you need to mount this image as a physical drive, see this section.

Mount the entire disk

To mount a complete disk image to the next free loop device, use the losetup command:

# losetup -f -P /path/to/image

Tip:

• The -f flag mounts the image to the next available loop device.
• The -P flag creates additional devices for every partition.

See also QEMU#With loop module autodetecting partitions.

Mounting partitions

In order to be able to mount a partition of a whole disk image, follow the steps above.

Once the whole disk image is mounted, a normal mount command can be used on the loop device:

# mount /dev/loop0p1 /mnt/example

This command mounts the first partition of the image in loop0 to the folder to the mountpoint /mnt/example. Remember that the mountpoint directory must exist!

Getting disk geometry

Once the entire disk image has been mounted as a loopback device, its drive layout can be inspected.

Using QEMU to repair NTFS

With a disk image that contains one or more NTFS partitions that need to be chkdsked by Windows since no good NTFS filesystem checker for Linux exists, QEMU can use a raw disk image as a real hard disk inside a virtual machine:

# qemu -hda /path/to/primary.img -hdb /path/to/DamagedDisk.img

Then, assuming Windows is installed on primary.img, it can be used to check partitions on /path/to/DamagedDisk.img.

Warning: Do not use lower version of Windows to check NTFS partitions create by higher version of it, e.g. Windows XP can do damage to NTFS partitions created by Windows 8 by "fixing" metadata configuration that it does not support, resulting in damage/removal of these unsupported entries.

Text file recovery

It is possible to find deleted plain text files on a hard drive by directly searching on the block device. A preferably unique string from the file you are trying to recover is needed.

Use grep to search for fixed strings (-F) directly on the partition:

$ grep -a -C 200 -F 'Unique string in text file' /dev/sdXN > OutputFile

Hopefully, the content of the deleted file is now in OutputFile, which can be extracted from the surrounding context manually.

Note: The -C 200 option tells grep to print 200 lines of context from before and after each match of the string. Alternatives are the -A and -B flags, which print context only from after and before each match, respectively. You may need to adjust the number of lines if the file you are looking for is very long.

See also

• Data Recovery on the Ubuntu wiki