DNS over HTTPS servers
DNS, since its inception, has been unencrypted on UDP/53, and later TCP/53, making it susceptible to snooping attacks. For additional information on the available protocols that can be used to address this vulnerability, see Domain name resolution#Privacy and security. This article covers two of the three available protocols for DNS servers with the necessary proxy configuration to provide both DNS over HTTPS (DoH) and DNS over TLS (DoT). Multiple DoH utilities are available in the AUR including corednsAUR, dns-over-https, doh-proxyAUR, and python-doh-proxyAUR. Which of the available solutions is appropriate, depends on the needs of your network.
corednsAUR provides both a caching, non-authoritative DNS server, and DoH services (citation needed).
dns-over-https, doh-proxyAUR, and python-doh-proxyAUR all provide an HTTP listener for proxying behind your existing HTTPS server, and a stub resolver to forward regular queries on UDP/53 to a secure DNS server. Additionally, both doh-proxyAUR and python-doh-proxyAUR provide a standalone HTTPS/2 server.
DoH server/proxy software configuration
coreDNS
Install the corednsAUR package.
You can use coreDNS as DoH/DoT/gRPC DNS server and/or DoT proxy. Default configuration file should be located at /etc/coredns/Corefile.
The example of simple configuration file looks like this:
/etc/coredns/Corefile
protocol://domain:port {
forward domain forward_to
tls_servername domain_of_dot_server
tls cert_path key_path
}
First string is listener, you can use next protocols: dns:// for plain DNS protocol, http:// for DNS over HTTPS, tls:// for DNS over TLS and grpc:// for gRPC (see [1]). If you leave protocol empty (e.g. example.com:53), dns:// will be choose as default. The domain is for matching queried domains, you can use specific one (e.g. dns: //example.com: 53) or use . (e.g. dns: //.: 53) to match all domains. And by :port you can set listening port, you can leave it empty and will be chosen 53 port.
forward string is for where DNS query will be forward. Use . for domain to match all domains. In forward_to set upstream DNS server where to send queries, you can specify tls:// protocol for DoT server. If you using upstream DoT server, you need to set tls_servername for TLS negotiation.
tls string mandatory if you use DoH, DoT or gRPC protocols. Put here certificate and private key paths in given order.
Example of configuration simple DoT proxy listening 53 port and using Cloudflare DoT server
/etc/coredns/Corefile
. {
forward . tls://1.1.1.1 {
tls_servername cloudflare-dns.com
}
}
Also, you can use several instances and forward plugins:
/etc/coredns/Corefile
https://.:443 {
forward . 127.0.0.1 {
forward example1.com 8.8.8.8
tls cert.pem key.pem
}
tls://example2.com:853 {
tls cert.pem key.pem
forward . tls://9.9.9.9 {
tls_servername dns.quad9.net
}
}
Start/enable the coredns.service unit.
dns-over-https
At first, install dns-over-https and after setting will not forget to enable and start needed service.
Stub resolver
You can start using it right after install with default settings. Defaults ports for listening is 53 and 5380, if one of them is already binded, it will be ignored. Start/enable doh-client.service.
Configuration file locate at /etc/dns-over-https/doh-client.conf. You can change desired ports at section listen. There are many included third-parted DoH servers in configuration file, you need just uncomment one you needed or write unspecified. You can use several resolvers as well. One of them will be chosen randomly for each request. To force dns-over-https use resolvers in the required order set upstream_selector to weighted_round_robin or lvs_weighted_round_robin and change weight value at resolvers in use.
DoH proxy
Configuration file for use as doh server locate at /etc/dns-over-https/doh-server.conf. At upstream section can set desired upstream resolver and its protocol for use. You can use dns-over-https as standalone service or together with HTTPS services like nginx or apache.
For standalone use you need to set port to 443 and specify proper cert and key:
/etc/dns-over-https/doh-server.conf
listen = [
"127.0.0.1:443",
]
...
cert = ""
key = ""
If you want use HTTP server for caching or using along with other HTTPS services leave empty cert and key strings in doh-server.conf and use next examples for configuration desired HTTP server. Note that there using default dns-over-https port.
nginx:
/etc/nginx/nginx/site-available/doh
server {
listen 443 ssl http2 default_server;
listen [::]:443 ssl http2 default_server;
server_name MY_SERVER_NAME;
ssl_certificate /path/to/your/server/certificates/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /path/to/your/server/certificates/privkey.pem;
location /dns-query {
proxy_pass http://localhost:8053/dns-query;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
}
}
caddy:
/etc/caddy/Caddyfile
MY_SERVER_NAME {
reverse_proxy * localhost:8053
tls my@email.address
try_files {path} {path}/index.php /index.php?{query}
}
apache:
/etc/httpd/conf/vhosts/doh.conf
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName MY_SERVER_NAME
Protocols h2 http/1.1
ProxyPass /dns-query http://[::1]:8053/dns-query
ProxyPassReverse /dns-query http://[::1]:8053/dns-query
</VirtualHost>
After setting up, start/enable doh-server.service.
doh-proxy
python-doh-proxy
Install python-doh-proxyAUR.
Stub resolver
If you intend to provide encrypted queries to your local network for legacy applications, configure the stub resolver:
/etc/conf.d/doh-stub
LISTENPORT=5353 ADDR=127.0.0.1 DOMAIN=mydomain.tld NS=127.0.0.1 PORT=443
If you do not have a way to provide a secure forward DNS lookoup to your real DNS server, you should configure both DOMAIN and NS to use one of the upstream providers (CloudFlare, OpenDNS, etc., instead of localhost). If you only need to provide lookups to localhost, this is fine. If you need to provide them for the entire network, the you could listen on 53 directly if you do not have a local caching or authoritative DNS server - you would also want to use the real IP address instead of the loopback adapter in this case.
DoH proxy
If you have an existing HTTP server and wish to proxy DNS lookups with it, setup the HTTP proxy to listen on port 8080:
/etc/conf.d/doh-httpproxy
NS=127.0.0.1 PORT=8080 ADDR=127.0.0.1
Optionally, you can utilize either the doh-proxy service or an upstream DoH provider to forward queries.
DoH proxy
If you do not have an existing http server, you can configure the HTTPS/2 lisener:
/etc/conf.d/doh-proxy
NS=127.0.0.1 UPSTREAMPORT=5353 ADDR=127.0.0.1 LISTENPORT=443 CERT=/etc/ssl/private/fullchain.pem KEY=/etc/ssl/private/privkey.pem
Again, adjust as necessary, but be certain that the upstream server has a way to perform secure queries, or you will be creating a loop.
Standalone DNS server configuration
BIND
BIND 9.18 natively supports serving both DNS over HTTPS and DNS over TLS. See BIND#Configuration for details.
As resolver, with TLS proxy
Typical: If using ISC bind as the current DNS provider, and you will be providing both forwarding services for legacy clients and DoH to modern clients, you will likely want to configure named to forward all non-local queries to your stub resolver, comment out any forwarding lines an forward to the stub resolver (omit forward only if you would like to fall back to roots):
/etc/named.conf
options {
...
//forwarders { 8.8.8.8; 8.8.4.4; };
forwarders { 127.0.0.1 port 5353; };
forward only;
...
};
...
If you want to forward to an external TLS proxy (via stunnel), do the same but use only TCP/54 (see stunnel configuration below):
/etc/named.conf
options {
...
//forwarders { 8.8.8.8; 8.8.4.4; };
forwarders { 127.0.0.1 port 54; };
forward only;
...
};
...
server 127.0.0.1 {
tcp-only yes;
};
...
Optional: If using ISC bind as the current DNS provider, and you will be providing both forwarding services for legacy clients and DoH to modern clients, you might want to configure named to listen on an alternate port, for example TCP|UDP/54, rather than the default of 53 so that your stub resolver will listen on the standard port. Comment out any existing 'listen' lines and add the following (omit the v6 line if not needed):
/etc/named.conf
...
//listen-on { any; };
listen-on port 54 { any; };
listen-on-v6 port 54 { any; };
...
Unbound
You can easily set up DoT server by adding to your configuration file port 853 to listening and specify certificate and key paths:
/etc/unbound/unbound.conf
server: ... interface: 127.0.0.1@853 tls-service-pem: /etc/unbound/public.pem tls-service-key: /etc/unbound/private.pem ...
DoH server setup is same as DoT, but needed port is 443:
/etc/unbound/unbound.conf
server: ... interface: 127.0.0.1@443 tls-service-pem: /etc/unbound/public.pem tls-service-key: /etc/unbound/private.pem ...
Web server configuration
Apache httpd proxy configuration
Configure a proxy in your primary httpd.conf or appropriate vhost listening on 443:
/etc/httpd/conf/vhosts/yourhost.conf
...
ProxyPass /dns-query http://[127.0.0.1]:8080/dns-query
ProxyPassReverse /dns-query http://[127.0.0.1]:8080/dns-query
...
nginx proxy configuration
DoT Proxy
With Nginx stream module you can setup proxy to upstream DNS. Note that you can use local dns as well as third parties.
/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
...
stream {
upstream dns {
zone dns 64k;
server 8.8.8.8:53;
}
server {
listen 853 ssl;
ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/certs/public.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/private/private.pem;
proxy_pass dns;
}
}
...
DoH Proxy
For DoH implementation you need for use additional NJS scripts. You need to get it from this GitHub's page, put it to /etc/nginx/njs.d/ and be sure package nginx-mod-njs is installed.
At first you need to setup stream service, which will be get DNS request from nginx's HTTP/2 service, process it with js_filter to find DNS packets and pass it to upstream DNS server.
/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
...
stream {
upstream dns {
zone dns 64k;
server 1.1.1.1:53;
server {
listen 127.0.0.1:8053;
js_filter doh_filter_request;
proxy_ssl on;
proxy_pass dns;
}
}
...
Then, setup HTTP/2 service to listen DNS requests at URI /dns-query and relay them to stream service. Note that to a need change certificates to valid
/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
...
upstream dohloop {
zone dohloop 64k;
server 127.0.0.1:8053;
}
server {
listen 443 ssl http2;
ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/certs/public.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/private/private.pem;
location /dns-query {
proxy_http_version 1.0;
proxy_pass http://dohloop;
}
}
...
You can use both DoT and DoH services at same time, caching and multiple upstream DNS. For more examples see these configuration files
DNS over TLS configuration via stunnel
Configure stunnel to listen on TCP/853 for TLS connections, and forward to your local DNS provider:
/etc/stunnel/conf.d/DoT.conf
[dns] accept = 853 connect = 127.0.0.1:53 cert = /etc/ssl/private/fullchain.pem key = /etc/ssl/private/privkey.pem
Configure stunnel to listen on TCP/54 and forward to an upstream secure provider:
/etc/stunnel/conf.d/DoT-Remote.conf
[dnsovertls] client = yes accept = 54 connect = 10.10.10.1:853 verifyChain = yes CAPath = /etc/ssl/certs checkHost = <your_host_name>